Comparison Between Sports And Sports Essay - 2057 Words

Esports vs Sports The roar of the crowd, the rush of adrenaline as you watch your favorite team take the field, the excitement of watching your team score, and how you feel during a close game are all aspects of watching sports that people tend to identify with. Sports aretraditionally been thought of as physical activities. However, in recent years Esports, better known as competitive gaming, have begun to take the world by storm with record prize pools and viewership numbers. Fans of competitive gaming get to experience of all the same aspects that people that watch physical sports. Both sports and competitive gaming have organizations and salaries for players who are also allowed to take on sponsorships for themselves. In all sports they require some type of teamwork and coordination to make certain plays happen, but competitive gaming in a game such as League of Legends has a far different lifestyle than say, football. These two sports have many similarities like; their reliance on teamwork to win, the players training days, their type of internal structure, and the structure of their competitions and leagues; but also differ in multiple ways such as organizations and players have different opportunities to succeed or fail. Physical sports and Esports show to be very similar and vastly different. Football and League of Legends competitions are more alike than most people would assume they are. We all can relate to one team that we root for like with the NationalShow MoreRelatedSports Architecture in Modern China: a Comparison Between 2008 Olympic Venues and 1990 Asian Games Venues2273 Words   |  10 PagesSports Architecture in Modern China A comparison between 2008 Olympic venues and 1990 Asian Games venues Introduction Hosting the 2008 Olympic Games is monumental in Chinese history, almost a century ago, Chinese scholars dreamed of the Olympics being staged in China, which marks sovereignty and power of the country in a global view. Therefore, when the long time expectation is about to become real, the primary goal for Chinese government and citizens is to show theRead MoreBaseball Is Not Dying?1151 Words   |  5 PagesBaseball is not dying. This phrase may be hard to believe because of the many assumptions made by sports journalist that say that the sport is dying, but the fact is that most of these assumptions, and the reasonings that they provide are dead wrong. 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The Room Kit - Original Writing - 1238 Words

Livvy walked down the halls of the Institute towards the room Kit had chosen. As she rounded the corner, she noticed Ty sitting outside Kit’s door, book in hand. Livvy flopped down next to her twin. â€Å"What are you reading?† Livvy asked, peering over his shoulder. â€Å"I’m not really reading,† Ty answered. He lifted up his book to show her his writing in the margins. â€Å"It’s the Shadowhunter Codex. I’m making some notes in it for Kit.† â€Å"I’m pretty sure the codex will cover all the basic knowledge,† said Livvy. â€Å"What else is there to add?† â€Å"I’m just explaining more,† Ty said. â€Å"I’d imagine he’s pretty confused and upset. I mean think about what it must be like, losing your father and finding out you’re a Shadowhunter in the same day.† â€Å"I’ll†¦show more content†¦It had been so long since she had felt the cool sea breeze in her l ungs. Annabel was confused. The last thing she remembered was being locked away. She remembered being all alone in the tower, far away from her Malcolm. Annabel looked around. Where am I? Or maybe the more important question is when am I? Annabel thought, for she had no clue how long she had been at rest. Suddenly a name flashed in her mind. Emma. I must kill Emma. This deeply confused Annabel, as she knew no one named Emma. Why should she kill this person? * * * Livvy walked into the kitchen. Julian was at the stove making pancakes. Ty was already sitting at the table. He looked up at her. â€Å"Morning Livvy,† he said. â€Å"Good Morning,† she replied. Emma walked in with Tavvy. â€Å"But I want chocolate milk!† he said. â€Å"Tavs I already told you we don’t have any chocolate milk this morning. You drank the rest yesterday morning,† Emma replied. â€Å"You were supposed to get more,† Tavvy whined. â€Å"Come get your pancakes Tavvy,† said Julian. Tavvy glared at Emma before hurrying over to get his pancakes. â€Å"I’ll tell you what,† said Julian, â€Å"Since there isn’t chocolate milk, you can put sprinkles on your pancakes.† â€Å"Ok,† Tavvy said with a smile. Emma went and got her pancakes, and completely ignoring Julian, she brushed passed him and went to sit next to Mark, who was talking to Christina and Perfect Diego. Dru sat next to them, completely engrossed with every word Perfect Diego said. Livvy

School Uniforms Are a Necessity Free Essays

Reading books is better than TV! Reading books is better than TV! Reading books is much better than watching TV! How many of you watch TV? No doubt all of you do each and every day. It is so easy to just sit down on a couch and press 1 little button and waste hours on watching TV shows and movies! Books are better for our Health our Electricity and Education. Good Morning / Good Afternoon Mrs Millward and 7AC today I am going to tell you about why books are better and I mean way better then TV. We will write a custom essay sample on School Uniforms Are a Necessity or any similar topic only for you Order Now TV can affect our Health in a way which is sitting down too much on the couch and not doing physical activities outside. A great deal is known about children and television, because there have been thousands of studies on the subject. Researchers have studied how TV affects kids’ sleep, weight, grades, behaviour, and more. When using a book reading is exercising your brain and learning words you didn’t know about but when TV comes in all you do is watch and that can easily affect your eyes and then it can affect you behaviour and your grades. When watching TV for hours and when your parents get a bill for the electricity half of the bill is caused by watching TV of course because that is the main problem. In my house we only turn on the TV if we are watching the cricket of watching the News or watching our sport team play and that is all my family use it for. But this isn’t always caused by kids it is caused from parents that work at least once a week and that happens when they have got nothing to do. Say if you are doing an assignment for school and you have been working for hours without getting anywhere. Majority of you would watch TV for a while, while watching you will still be worrying about the assignment and by the time you get back to it you will be stressed. And on top of that books are an excellent way to learn new vocabulary without you even knowing, that’s right, while reading books you involuntary learn new words and the spellings. Imagine you have got this huge test the next morning and then you’re watching TV and then you’re studding on the way to school and then you get a FAIL!!! On your test. How bad would that be? If it was me I would feel really embarrassed. So you have just heard some things that can affect your health and your parents bills and your own education that your parents are paying for but lso when our parents where alive they only got a TV when they were around 16 or 17 of age. And look us and then think of your parents back in the past. And they didn’t have computer games either. So 7AC and Mrs Millward I think I convinced you that books are much better then Television. And so when you get I want you not to go to the living room and turn on the TV I want you to Study on your Math exam a nd do your HOMEWORK!!! Don’t Touch the TV Do Your Homework Don’t Touch the TV Do Your Homework How to cite School Uniforms Are a Necessity, Essay examples

Organization of Perception and Action †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Organization of Perception and Action. Answer: Introduction: The diagnostic tools of communication procedure are imperative for understanding my communication style and the consequent issues related with it. This exposition would contain a self-reflection style which would be founded on the aftereffects of the five diagnostic tools. It would likewise include a concise literature review concerning the communication issues recognized. The third part would include an action plan that would be done to address the communication issues. I have utilized five diagnostic tools to comprehend my communication qualities and shortcomings. The primary tool was the Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety (PRPSA) for the Introversion Scale, which determines the tension level of the people amid the demonstration of talking before a crowd of people (Introversion Scale, 2017). I have scored 48, which demonstrates that I have low nervousness when I am talking out in the open. The second diagnostic tool measured Listening Willingness, which characterizes my capacity of being a decent listener in a work environment setting (Listening Quiz, 2017). I have acquired 85 in this quiz, which shows that I have medium willingness of listening. The third diagnostic tool was Talkaholic Scale (TAS), which is a tool to quantify impulsive communication. This scale is utilized to recognize the nature of the very verbal individuals and their issues in being peaceful within the sight of other individuals (Talkaholic Scale, 2017). I have acquired 16 in this scale, which infers that I am not in the least loquacious. The low score likewise shows the way that I am not ready to talk notwithstanding when there is a need circumstance. The fourth tool is worried about the Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension (PRICA), which measures the different existing communication apprehensions in different cross-cultural setting. This intercultural communication apprehension is thought as the sub-class of the generic communication framework (Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension (PRICA), 2017). I have acquired 29 in this scale, which demonstrates that I have low uneasiness in intercultural communication apprehension. The fifth diagnostic tool was the Non-Verbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report (NIS-S), which is utilized to gauge the different non-verbal signs of communications while the persons correspond with each other. It is vital to comprehend that there are significant contrasts in the report in li ght of the peoples gender. This infers that the reports of the male and the female people would shift altogether (Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report (NIS-S), 2017). I have acquired 68 in this test, which suggests that I have no non-verbal communication immediacy. Main Issues Identified I have distinguished the way that I have some communication issues which keeps me from conveying everything that needs to be conveyed completely before others. I have taken the loquacious scale and I find that I am not having the capacity to express my sentiments in each circumstance. I am a thoughtful person and I am essentially a held sort of individual. I am not verbose and might want to express my emotions with few words as it were. I am self-controlled and get a kick out of the chance to be tranquil in my professional interactions. This often makes me powerless before others, where individuals have a tendency to misconstrue me. My powerlessness to communicate with sufficient words has often landed me in a bad position. There are examples when I get a kick out of the chance to listen to others and talk least. In such examples, I do feel the need of others to share correct thoughts as I am having. I have additionally distinguished the way that I have distracting non-verbal communication signals, which often sends the wrong message when I am speaking with individuals. There are times when I can't give proper verbal communication prompts, however because of unseemly non-verbal signals, my message is decoded wrongly by other individuals. There are times when I am having a strained body position while I speak with individuals. Likewise, I show a flat outward appearance some of the time when I chat with individuals, which influence individuals to imagine that I am not intrigued by the discussion. I have confronted two late incidents on which I understood that I do have the above difficulties. These incidents have offended me and furthermore influenced the way I interface in a professional area. I do understand that these communication challenges should be settled in a dire way with the goal that I can exceed expectations in professional life. When recently I was part of a personal interview, in which I should convey what needs be in an unmistakable and clear way. I neglected to do as such. I was not so apprehensive but rather still I liked to be calmer and listen well to the interviewers. I knew every one of the appropriate responses of the interviewers yet was not able answer them legitimately. I didn't remain noiseless; however, I didn't give the fitting answer too. I was squirming and I thought that it was elusive appropriate words to express the appropriate responses. I can likewise recall about another incident in which I showed up in a seminar in which I was giving a presentation on a specific point. I could well understand that I was having despicable body stances and motions however couldn't enhance myself. I could feel that the group of onlookers is gradually getting diverted from my lecture as I was showing a negative self-perception. I was likewise unfit to keep up eye to eye to eye connection with the gathering of people as I feared investigating their eyes. I felt that I would overlook my discourse in the event that I would take a gander at their eyes. This made my general presentation ineffectual regardless of having great slides and great communication abilities. These two incidents influenced me to understand that I have to enhance these negative communication qualities as it is critical to exceed expectations in my professional life. I would not have the capacity to climb the means of the company pecking order in the event that I don't enhance my communication challenges. Literature Review As opined by Khan (2017) the astute individuals regularly lean toward silence over the individuals who are verbose and they frequently sit tight for the general population to state vital things. These sorts of individuals are regularly hesitant to utilize their mouth to communicate and rather they jump at the chance to perform undivided attention. These sorts of personalities are additionally considered as the thoughtful people, who don't their voices to be heard out in the open. These sorts of individuals frequently are occupied in their own particular deduction process and thus don't locate the shot or chance to express their sentiments. There are examples when they basically investigate everything about the discussion and thus they are not ready to talk effortlessly. The tranquil individuals regularly have enough issue to state; however, they might be not able find genuine words to express their emotions. They don't have the propensity for gabbing and they have a tendency to inges t everything that is going on around them. As contended by Stacks and Salwen (2014), the "spiral of silence" theory is worried about the explanations that underline the reality why individuals don't care to talk on issues that really matters to them. This theory talks about the general feeling as the dispositions through which the people can convey what needs be without the dread of making them forlorn. There are a great many people that can distinguish the well-known feelings at given purpose of time and they tend to act in like manner. The spiral of silence theory isn't terrible in each unique circumstance and it can be all around used in conditions in which there is an arrangement of the popular supposition towards resistance. This theory can be very much utilized as a part of cases when it is essential to conceal sentiments of abhor from open exposures. Nonetheless, there are times, when this theory can act against the picture and altruism of an individual and there is a subsequent distraction from the same (Bodor, 2012). It is critical to induce individuals to talk their heart out and express their sentiments in a fitting way. This would not just improve the level of inter-personal communication however would likewise permit an expansion in the authoritative profitability. As remarked by Berger (2014), the demonstration of being more enticing prompts being more powerful and understanding the requirements of the different partners. The scarcity principle trusts in the way that the general population have a tendency to get those things that are hard to come by (Sundie et al., 2012). This specific want increments when there is a suspicion of the lament that may happen by not acting sufficiently quick in a specific circumstance. Inside the "Yale Attitude Change Approach", the different years of research have discovered that there are various variables that influence a crowd of people to partake in the discourse in a more dynamic way. These variables are alluring speaker, dependable personality and perfec t demographics (The Yale Approach, 2017). The discoveries of Stone et al. (2012) uncovers that there are four sorts of silences that are utilized by the people in their everyday lives. The silences can be both positive and also negative contingent upon the sort of the execution in the present situation. A standout amongst the most harming sorts of silences is silent treatment in which there is nonattendance of important words and there is frequently an unwillingness to communicate. The second sort of silence is worried about ungainly silence in which the vacant spaces in the discussions frequently cause awkward and interesting emotions. The third type of silences is worried about the making spaces through the employments of silence. This regularly is included with the way that there is a common sentiment silence that is vital between being silent and having great listening abilities. The fourth kind of silence is worried about the careful silence in which there is the utilization of the ability of reflection of individuals i n which they are more astute and calm. As indicated by Lemonnier (2012), the non-verbal communication is worried about the accepting and the sending of silent hints. They are regularly worried about the sending of the visual prompts, for example, remove, non-verbal communication, separation, touch and the physical conditions. There is likewise a contribution of the utilization of time and keeping up legitimate eye to eye connection. The procedure of non-verbal communication is worried about the association of the oblivious and the cognizant procedures of decoding and encoding of the data. The encoding is the procedure of the age of the data which is basically worried about the signals, stances and outward appearances. The demonstration of decoding is worried about the interpretation of the data from the different got sensations which are being given by the encoder. Just a little bit of the mind can interpret verbal communication and a large portion of the piece of the cerebrum can react rapidly to non-verbal communication signals. As opined by MacKay (2012), the sign theory is an undeniably idea utilized by the associations in which there is a contribution of three fields, for example, semantics, pragmatics and syntactic. The investigation of the semantics is worried about the investigation of the utilization of the connection of signs alongside different things. The syntactic is worried about the investigation of the connection of signs alongside different signs. The demonstration of pragmatics is worried about the investigation of utilization of codes in regular day to day existence. The demonstration of the "non-verbal code systems" is worried about the general qualities, analogical, iconicity, all-inclusive importance and the concurrent transmission. The non-verbal communication assumes a vital part in the communication procedure since the group of onlookers gets the general effect of the message. The verbal messages are imperative and the non-verbal signals upgrades the nature of the general messages. Action Plan The learning gaps should be improved as it would prompt the advancement of the expert life. I should find a way to battle the communication challenges so that there is a change of the communication procedure. I ought to take part in a few stages to make more verbose communication: Listening painstakingly to the next individual so I can recognize what should I say next Join open talking forums and clubs where I would get an assortment of individuals to converse with. This would take out people in general talking shame or dread Increase my online nearness by opening record in different social media websites with the goal that I know the specialty of communicating my emotions in an unmistakable way Background research about the individual (with whom I would communicate) and his job part would help me to be readied and henceforth I would have the capacity to express my sentiments in a clearer way I ought to likewise give enough consideration regarding the procedure of non-verbal communication and I should endeavor to enhance the same- Watching myself and my own particular signals would enable me to watch other's non-verbal prompts in a superior way I should endeavor to keep up appropriate eye to eye connection with my gathering of people or the other communicator Watch interviews of fruitful people and watch their non-verbal signals Reading the group of onlookers and evaluating their perspectives is vital Give regard for the tone of my voice and attempt to work on talking in a well-mannered way Enhance my stance with the goal that I show positive, sure and agreeable impression Activities to partake in Week 1-4 Week 5-8 Week 9-12 Week 12-16 Week 16-20 Paying attention carefully Joining different clubs and public speaking forums Joining social media sites Doing background research about the correspondent/spectators Watching my own gesticulations Maintaining good eye contact Watching interviews of effective and famous individuals Understanding the audiences minds Improving my stance and body language Table 1. Gantt Chart to show Action Plan timeline Source: As created by author References and Bibliography Adler, R., Rodman, G. R., DuPr, A. (2016).Understanding human communication. Oxford University Press. Bayles, K. A., Tomoeda, C. K. (2013).Cognitive-communication disorders of dementia: Definition, diagnosis, and treatment. Plural Publishing. Berger, J. (2014). Word of mouth and interpersonal communication: A review and directions for future research.Journal of Consumer Psychology,24(4), 586-607. Bodor, T. (2012). The issue of timing and opinion congruity in spiral of silence research: why does research suggest limited empirical support for the theory?.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,24(3), 269-286. Holliday, A. (2013).Understanding intercultural communication: Negotiating a grammar of culture. Routledge. Introversion Scale. (2017).Jamescmccroskey.com. Retrieved 5 October 2017, from https://www.jamescmccroskey.com/measures/prpsa.htm Jowett, G. S., O'donnell, V. (2014).Propaganda persuasion. Sage. Khan, M. M. R. (2017). Silence as communication.The Analytic Situation: How Patient and Therapist Communicate, 31. Lemonnier, P. (2012).Mundane objects: Materiality and non-verbal communication(Vol. 10). Left Coast Press. Listening Quiz. (2017).Witt Communications. Retrieved 5 October 2017, from https://wittcom.com/the-listening-quiz/ MacKay, D. G. (2012).The organization of perception and action: A theory for language and other cognitive skills. Springer Science Business Media. Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report (NIS-S). (2017).Jamescmccroskey.com. Retrieved 5 October 2017, from https://www.jamescmccroskey.com/measures/nis_s.htm Pei, X., Hill, J., Schalk, G. (2012). Silent communication: toward using brain signals.IEEE pulse,3(1), 43-46. Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension (PRICA). (2017).Jamescmccroskey.com. Retrieved 5 October 2017, from https://www.jamescmccroskey.com/measures/prica.htm Petty, R., Ostrom, T. M., Brock, T. C. (Eds.). (2014).Cognitive responses in persuasion. Psychology Press. Stacks, D. W., Salwen, M. B. (Eds.). (2014).An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Routledge. Stone, C. B., Coman, A., Brown, A. D., Koppel, J., Hirst, W. (2012). Toward a science of silence: The consequences of leaving a memory unsaid.Perspectives on Psychological Science,7(1), 39-53. Sundie, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Griskevicius, V., Kenrick, D. T. (2012). The world's (truly) oldest profession: Social influence in evolutionary perspective.Social Influence,7(3), 134-153. Talkaholic Scale. (2017).Jamescmccroskey.com. Retrieved 5 October 2017, from https://www.jamescmccroskey.com/measures/compulsive_communication.htm The Yale Approach. (2017).Cios.org. Retrieved 5 October 2017, from https://www.cios.org/encyclopedia/persuasion/Byale_approach1.htm

5 Expensive Comma Typos from History

5 Expensive Comma Typos from History 5 Expensive Comma Typos from History You might not give commas much thought on a day-to-day basis. They’re just punctuation. But what if we told you that one misplaced comma could cost your business millions? Strap in, then, and join us for a look at five of the most expensive comma typos in history. 1. James Joyce’s Unwanted Commas ($300,000) The experimental style of James Joyce’s novel Ulysses included many deliberate errors, such as passages of unpunctuated text. Unfortunately, those faced with transcribing his manuscripts sometimes â€Å"corrected† these errors. And one well-meaning volunteer added hundreds of commas to a 40-page passage that was meant to be entirely comma free! James Joyce: Literary visionary, proofreaders nightmare. These comma typos were reproduced in each edition of the book until the 1980s, when a new version was released with the commas removed and other deliberate errors restored. But this process cost around $300,000, so you can see why hiring a good editor is worth the money! 2. Rogers Communications Inc. vs. Bell Aliant (approx. $525,000) Comma placement gave rise to a dispute between Rogers Communications and Bell Aliant worth over half a million dollars. The comma typo in question lies somewhere in this passage: Subject to the termination provisions of this Agreement, this Agreement shall be effective from the date it is made and shall continue in force for a period of five (5) years from the date it is made, and thereafter for successive five (5) year terms, unless and until terminated by one year prior notice in writing by either party. Did you spot it? It’s the comma before â€Å"unless† that caused the problem. Bell Aliant took it to mean that the clause about terminating the contract applied to the initial five-year period. But Rogers Communications argued it only applied if the contract was renewed after this initial period. In the end, the parties resolved the issue by checking the French version of the contract. Thankfully, this version was free from comma typos. 3. An Oxford Comma in Maine ($5,000,000) Leaving a serial comma (i.e., a comma before the final item in a list) out of a contract cost a dairy company in Maine five million dollars. This came after a dispute with its drivers about overtime. In particular, Maine’s overtime law contains a clause about exemptions from overtime that uses the phrase â€Å"packing for shipment or distribution of.† The dairy company said that â€Å"distribution† was meant to be a separate item in this list. But without a comma to make this clear, the drivers successfully argued that they were owed overtime and forced the company to settle. 4. The US Government vs. Fruit (approx. $38,400,000) Rather than a missing comma, an unwanted comma in US Tariff Act of 1872 cost the US Government two million dollars (around $38.4 million in today’s money). The issue arose because of a clause that exempted â€Å"fruit plants† from import tariffs. Or that was the intention, at least. However, someone added a comma between â€Å"fruit† and â€Å"plants.† And since fruit was expensive, importers took advantage of this loophole until it was closed two years later, by which point US taxpayers had lost out on revenue. Presumably, though, they gained access to affordable bananas. You could buy a lot of fruit for $38.4 million. 5. Lockheed Martin vs. Inflation ($70,000,000) Lockheed Martin are a multibillion-dollar global corporation. Nevertheless, they were worse off by $70 million after one comma typo in a contract. The error was in an equation used to adjust interest rates over time, meaning Lockheed’s calculations were wrong. And they lost a lot of money. In this case, then, one misplaced comma ended up costing a company more than the average GDP of Tuvalu. And if that doesn’t make you hire a proofreader, we don’t know what will.

Timeline and Definition of the Nazca Civilization

Timeline and Definition of the Nazca Civilization The Nasca (sometimes spelled Nazca outside of archaeological texts) Early Intermediate Period [EIP] civilization was located in the Nazca region as defined by the Ica and Grande river drainages, on the southern coast of Peru between about AD 1-750. Chronology The following dates are from Unkel et al. (2012). All dates are calibrated radiocarbon dates. Late Nasca AD 440-640Middle Nasca AD 300-440Early Nasca AD 80-300Initial Nasca   260 BC-80 ADLate Paracas 300 BC-100 Scholars perceive the Nasca as arising out of the Paracas culture, rather than an in-migration of people from another place. The early Nasca culture arose as a loosely-affiliated group of rural villages with self-sufficient subsistence based on corn agriculture. The villages had a distinctive art style, specific rituals, and burial customs. Cahuachi, an important Nasca ceremonial center, was built and became a focus of feasting and ceremonial activities. The Middle Nasca period saw many changes, perhaps brought about by a long drought. Settlement patterns and subsistence and irrigation practices changed, and Cahuachi became less important. By this time, the Nasca were a loose confederacy of chiefdomsnot with a centralized government, but rather autonomous settlements that regularly convened for rituals. By the Late Nasca period, increasing social complexity and warfare led to the movement of people away from the rural farmsteads and into a few larger sites. Culture The Nasca are known for their elaborate textile and ceramic art, including an elaborate mortuary ritual associated with warfare and the taking of trophy heads. More than 150 trophy heads have been identified at Nazca sites, and there are examples of burials of headless bodies, and burials of grave goods without human remains. Gold metallurgy in early Nasca times is comparable to Paracas culture: consisting of low-tech cold-hammered art objects. Some slag sites from copper smelting and other evidence suggest that by the late phase (Late Intermediate Period) the Nasca increased their technological knowledge. The Nasca region is an arid one, and the Nazca developed a sophisticated irrigation system that aided in their survival for so may centuries. The Nazca Lines The Nasca are probably best known to the public for the Nazca Lines, geometric lines and animal shapes etched into the desert plain by the members of this civilization. The Nazca lines were first intensively studied by the German mathemetician Maria Reiche and have been the focus of many silly theories concerning alien landing places. Recent investigations at Nasca include the Project Nasca/Palpa, a photogrammetric study from the Deutschen Archologischen Instituts and Instituto Andino de Estudios Arqueolà ³gicos, using modern GIS methods to record the geoglyphs digitally.​ More on the Nazca: Nazca Lines, Ica Region pottery vessel Archaeological Sites: Cahuachi, Cauchilla, La Muna, Saramarca, Mollake Grande, Primavera, Montegrande, Marcaya, Sources Conlee, Christina A. 2007 Decapitation and Rebirth: A Headless Burial from Nasca, Peru.  Current Anthropology  48(3):438-453. Eerkens, Jelmer W., et al. 2008  Obsidian hydration dating on the South Coast of Peru.  Journal of Archaeological Science  35(8):2231-2239. Kellner, Corina M. and Margaret J. Schoeninger 2008  Waris imperial influence on local Nasca diet: The stable isotope evidence.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  27(2):226-243. Knudson, Kelly J., et al. In press  The geographic origins of Nasca trophy heads using strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope data.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  in press. Lambers, Karsten, et al. 2007  Combining photogrammetry and laser scanning for the recording and modelling of the Late Intermediate Period site of Pinchango Alto, Palpa, Peru.  Journal of Archaeological Science  34:1702-1712. Rink, W. J. and J.  Bartoll  2005  Dating the geometric Nasca lines in the Peruvian desert.  Antiquity  79(304):390-401. Silverman, Helaine and David Browne 1991  New evidence for the date of the Nazca lines.  Antiquity  65:208-220. Van Gijseghem, Hendrik and Kevin J. Vaughn 2008  Regional integration and the built environment in middle-range societies: Paracas and early Nasca houses and communities.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  27(1):111-130. Vaughn, Kevin J. 2004  Households, Crafts, and Feasting in the Ancient Andes: The Village Context of Early Nasca Craft Consumption.  Latin  American Antiquity  15(1):61-88. Vaughn, Kevin J., Christina A. Conlee, Hector Neff, and Katharina Schreiber 2006  Ceramic production in ancient Nasca: provenance analysis of pottery from the Early Nasca and  Tiza  cultures through INAA.  Journal of Archaeological Science  33:681-689. Vaughn, Kevin J. and Hendrik Van Gijseghem 2007  A compositional perspective on the origins of the â€Å"Nasca cult† at Cahuachi.  Journal of Archaeological Science  34(5):814-822.

The Impact of the Recession on Consumer Behaviour and on Marketers Essay

The Impact of the Recession on Consumer Behaviour and on Marketers - Essay Example This paper illustrates that once predictable behavior is now being replaced with a new type of consumer that is constantly seeking value in nearly all elements of product variety. This is making the process of marketing and advertising significantly difficult in an environment where competition is high, especially in areas of food consumption and technology consumption. At the same time, marketers are resorting to new promotional campaigns in order to remain competitive and gain consumer attention in the face of this current economic downturn. Statistics indicate that six in 10 consumers have reduced the volume of frequency as it pertains to eating-out in restaurant environments. As a result, especially noticeable in the pizza restaurant industry, marketers have changed their promotional activities to include vouchers with significant pricing discounts. Where once major companies in this industry, such as Pizza Hut, used psychographic segmentation and targeting to gain attention and loyalty, they are finding it more difficult to compete especially when their products carry high price tags over the competition. Companies like Pizza Hut once had well-established consumer segments that were devoted to the brand and were able to use rather low-cost marketing and higher price methodology to ensure positioning in terms of quality. Today, however, the recession has created price wars that continue to erode profitability especially with more consumers eating within the home and avoiding the high costs of restaurant eating. This is also noticeable in the fast food industry with new promotions being added to traditional menus, such as McDonald’s with its dollar menu variety. However, this marketing effort is not to bring the type of profit results marketers had once experienced early in the recession. Today, new freebie offers and Internet-based incentives coupons are becoming the norm for many consumer segments. This shows a shift in consumer behavior toward acti ve searching in the consumer search process to identify coupons before they will frequent even their favorite restaurants. There is clearly a value-driven methodology in consumer groups that change their buying behaviors and choices.

Proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Proposal - Dissertation Example From this we derive that dating is basically an activity of knowing each other over a longer period of time to see if a romantic relationship that is built within themselves should extend further or not. Online Dating An  internet dating service, commonly  known as  online dating, is a  dating system that gives the platform to people seeking for a romantic relationship. The individuals are able to meet their date online and can start a new romantic or sexual relationship through this online service. The online dating service provides its services through the help of  personal computers, the  Internet, and phones. It allows people to give their personal information, and requirements so that they can search for the individuals accordingly. The criteria they are asked to share include gender, age bracket, location and much more. There is also an option to upload one’s own photos on the website so that the other members of the website can view the photo. There are othe r services offered by the sites including  online chat, message boards, webcasts etc. There are various sites that do not charge for its registration whereas some require a monthly subscription fee. Usually the concept of online dating fills the distance gaps and that is the reason most of the members belong to a variety of backgrounds seeking a different types of relationships. But there always some sites that are more specific about the type of members, their interest, location, background or relationship. Aim of Research Project The topic of the research is well introduced. The following are the aim of this research paper: To analyze the concept and trend of online dating. To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online dating. To see its effects and results, by closely monitoring and surveying the direct consumers. To have the insight of people involved in this business. To evaluate it from both a consumer and a business point of view to judge the practicability and feas ibility of this particular e-business. Background of Online Dating The online dating and its trend originated from a basic part of North American culture as the internet itself. Gradually the process and practice caught the eye of millions of people globally and hence the trend was spread. For Emily Livingston from  Match.com, one of the largest matchmaking website, the 1998 film, â€Å"You’ve got Mail†, became the inspiration and one step towards the global acceptance, as the film was a story of online romance. Talking about the native place of online dating today in North America, the membership of internet-based dating organizations are over 50 million. Refining itself over time and meeting the requirement, the service of online dating became more inclusive and sophisticated as it was a platform to initiate the relationships. Lately, the most practiced or the famous ritual was to approach someone you like through friends, bar encounters, blind dates, singles clubs , etc. Today, these practices are considered as outdated styles of the â€Å"bad old days† by many of us. In  2002, a  Wired  Magazine  article forecasted that, â€Å"Twenty years from now, the idea that someone looking for love without looking for it online will be silly, similar to skipping the card catalog to instead wander the stacks because the right books are found only by

History of human evolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of human evolution - Research Paper Example There are a lot of progressions and interactions going on in the universe and for everything to survive, these progressions are important. The same is for humans. For humans to exist, they must undergo some process which is commonly known as evolution. Humans have evolved through evolution. Aristotle was the first biologist that identified humans as rational animals that have a distinctive ability to reason and make judgments, due to which they are different from other animals.Cela-Conde and Ayala assert in their book that all organisms tend to have common ancestors (1). According to them, â€Å"Biological evolution is a process of descent with modification† (1). If we go into the depth of this statement, we come to know how we evolve from what we were and what we are today. hominidae is the term used to describe the lineage spreading from the final common ancestor of man and apes. Hominid is the term given to a species in the family. According to paleoanthropology, the histor y of human evolution shows that the common ancestor to both man and apes existed â€Å"about 5.5 million years ago†, states Professor Grover Krantz. Ramapithecus was one of the most ancient hominids whose fossils were found at that time. Paleoanthropologists believe that the bipedal adaptation of the ancient hominids evolved when that ancient hominid decided to live at the border of forests under the trees instead of inside the forests and in the trees. This was about four million years back, but how we look like today is much different because our modern facial features evolved much later than that. The bipedal adaptation then evolved into upright walk that is how we walk today. Paul Rincon, a science reporter in BBC News, reports that scientists have found in Western Europe, and specifically in Spain, the most ancient remains of human. He reports, â€Å"A jawbone and teeth discovered at the famous Atapuerca site in northern Spain have been dated between 1.1 and 1.2 million years old.† Borgus, the city of Spain, is well known for having many antique limestone caves that contain fossils of early hominids and other tools that show the occupations of early humans. As far as United States is concerned, most Americans believe that humans did not evolve over a period of time. However, there is a designer God who designed the mechanism of humans and created them magically. There are two parts of human biological evolution: Anagenesis and Cladogenesis. Anagenesis Also called phyletic evolution, ancestry of organisms changes generation after generation. Kesner and Olton describe anagenesis as progress of the humankind in evolutionary context (15). Continuous natural selection results in the modification of forms and organs so that they perfectly adapt to the new environments and habitats. Cladogenesis Another name for it is lineage splitting which means that new species come into existence with the passage of time which results in diversity. While modifi cation in a phylogenetic lineage is occurring, branching of forms also occurs at the same time which causes them to expand on the face of the earth. Natural Selection Considered as one of the most fundamental processes that results in evolution, natural selection was a concept put forth by Charles Darwin in 1859 in his book On the Origin of Species. According to this concept, organisms (or traits) that are best suited to the environment are selected by nature to prevail due to which they are able to pass on their genetics on to the following generations. On the other hand, organisms (or traits) that are not best adapted in the environment tend to vanish away. Human evolution has also been influenced by this concept of natural selection. According to Darwin, as he states in the revised version of his book, another name for natural selection is survival of the fittest (Darwin 8). Nature brings variations in the organic beings so that they are best suited t

Neo-Liberals versus Social Democrats in Security and Tax

Neo-Liberals versus Social Democrats in Security and Tax What are the different views of neo-liberals versus social  democrats with regards to social security and taxation? One of the most important features of democracy, that allows it to be such a successful form of government is the diversity of political stances. Social democracy is a political ideology that supports both economic and social interventions. Neo-liberalism however offers juxtaposing economic liberalization policies such as privatization and reduced government spending. Social security and taxation have always been a large topic of discussion, I look to explore the contrasting views held by these two ideologies focussing on the effect that has on the population in UK history. Neo-liberalism has only been around for about thirty years, liberalism refers to economic and political ideas based on the political economy of Adam Smith and neo means a new form of liberalism. Neo-liberalism is associated with laissez faire economics which follows the beliefs that the world is a self-regulating system and there is no need for the involvement of government. Government involvement, according to this economic theory, would include any type of regulation, minimum wage, taxation, or oversight. Laissez-faire economists see taxation on companies as a penalty for production. (Investopedia.com, 2003) The popularity of neoliberalism is arguable but was used in many economic policies adopted in the UK and US by political leaders such as Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Raegan in the 1980s. Their main aim is for the market to become dominant as it increases the general performance of the business which puts more money into that countries economy and reduces the role of the state. When public companies become private the general public can buy shares which creates a positive incentive and makes the general public money. In the UK, the shares rocketed in value as soon as they were issued, giving these new shareholders an instant profit of anything between 20% (British Gas) and 85% (British Telecom). (veronica, 2015) With this being the focal point of the policy, it is clear to see that neo-liberalism accentuates economic climb as opposed to social justice. It is argued that this leads to an increase in inequality as the government were selling state assets, which were owned by everyone to a wealthier subset of people which in turn increases the gap between the rich and the poor. (veronica, 2015b) The neoliberal practice of giving public wealth to a small wealthy elitist privatized group, approving tax cuts for the rich and reducing wages for the less fortunate majority is why neo-liberalism is such a controversial political stance. Social democracy was the main political standing held by the public and the government in the UK after the world wars. It supports social and economic interventions, a political movement advocating a gradual and peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means. (Merriam-Webster, 2017) William Beveridge is one of the most influential people is social democratic history, his belief in the community and that the well-off should support those in society who are in need and less able started the creation of the welfare state. Social democratic political standing has a far-left ideology, they believe in democratic government and individual freedoms. They highlight the need for the protection of the poor and minority groups, support trade unions, free education and strive for gender equality. Social democrats believe in rewarding talent and hard work rather than privilege which is beneficial as it doesnt waste the talent of individual citizens, which in turn encourages s ociety to become more integrated. In contrast to the beliefs of the neo-liberals, social democrats do not believe that the privatized market is positive asset to the government as its undemocratic. Companies are owned by very few wealthy individuals and as it is not self-regulated which can end in economic crisis with high levels of unemployment and unreasonable inflation which many people cant afford. The welfare state is a safety net for the flaws of free market, it aims to provide a level of social security for many people by redistributing the wealth of the market by taxation. (veronica, 2015c)    Taxation is the amount of money paid to the government by citizens and businesses that is then redistributed into the wider society. The main types of taxation in the UK is: income tax, national insurance, VAT and corporation tax. A tax system that takes a higher proportion of tax from the income of rich than poor is known as a progressive system. Under a regressive system, the poor pay a higher proportion of their income in taxes than the rich. Income taxation is a progressive system, while indirect taxes e.g. VAT tend to be regressive as poorer groups spend a higher proportion of their incomes on VAT. Where social democrats would implement the funding of taxation in systems such as healthcare services and the welfare state, neo-liberals have a very different set of standing views on taxation, seeing high tax as a negative thing for the economy. One of the main goals of many neo-liberals is to privatize public companies with the belief that if privatized, citizens will not have to p ay tax towards the company and only those who use it will have to pay (e.g. privatizing the railway in 1990) making the economy fairer. The idea that cutting taxes will leave room to stimulate economic growth however often leads to public services being exploited for profit, and redesigns systems to become more elitist, something social democracy aims to avoid. In both the UK and the US during the 1980s a political movement that neo-liberalists would view as innovative was implemented. In the US Ronald Raegan reduced the top income tax rates from 70% to 50% and then a 25% reduction in income tax for everyone, in the UK income tax was reduced to 25% for lower and 40% for higher earners. (Ferrara, 2011) Whilst the intent of Mrs Thatcher, a figurehead for neo-liberalism, during this movement was to minimalize the discouraging effect of high tax to those who work hard what transpired was a huge increase in the inequality of financial divide as income tax dropped VAT rose in order to res tore balance to funding, allowing easier purchase for wealthy citizens but not the poor. This is a prime example of how neo-liberalism aims to use taxation to give more responsibility to the individuals of the public by rolling back the state, but often leads to benefiting social and financial hierarchy. Neo liberals judge state intervention as problematic and strive for it to be minimised and conceive taxation to be a burden, often critiquing the high taxes put in place by social democrats. Margaret Thatcher famously said: The trouble with Socialism is that eventually you run out of other peoples money. (Mikkelson, 2014) Social democrats believe that the state has a responsibility of its own to look after the public who are lesser abled through the funding created by tax thus showing a clear difference in view. Social security is all forms of financial support provided by the state, it is an essential part of every government however other forms of social security can include aspects not paid by the state .e.g. sick pay. In the UK, the concept was introduced in the early 1900s. It is a system put in place to insuring against the risks of particular events in life, such as unemployment and short-term sickness, relieving poverty or low income, redistributing resources across peoples lifecycles, especially from working age to retirement, redistributing resources from the rich to the poor, compensating for some types of extra cost (such as children or disability) and providing financial support when traditional families break down. (Fox, 2016) Social democrats argue that social security and state intervention is vital to reduce inequalitys and combat social injustice, the belief they hold is every person is interdependent and we will all during our lifetimes pay taxes and receive some form of s ocial security benefits. Social democrats aim to put in place a universalised system of social benefits and security which means that all services are available to all citizens, this eradicates the need for means tested benefits which can be embarrassing and bureaucratic for those who are entitled to claim them; they believe that universal benefits are easier to administer and more effective. For social democrats, the low take up of means tested benefits is an important failing of the current social security system. In 1980, no means tested benefit had more than an 80% take up. (Limited, 2015) The main figure head for social security in the UK was Sir William Beveridge, his push for the creation of a universal and compulsory welfare state and social security system to eradicate inequality by creating a shared and orderly society. There are also many negatives about universal social security the main being the high cost which is the main reason the UK implements less of a universal s ystem today. Neo-liberals have very contrasting view, they see universal provision of benefits and social security as nonsensical; it gives to those who dont need it and wastes resources. Child benefit, for example, costs nearly  £5 billion a year (1988), going to 6.8 million households with 12 million children regardless of income. (Limited, 2015) Neo-liberals ideally want the welfare state and social security to be in line with the residual model which only gives social security and welfare benefits to the deserving poor, the individuals right at the bottom of society. Means testing is a vital part of neoliberal governing, it limits the needs for goods and services by charging for things like dental checkups so will reduce the demand for these services. In the eyes of neo-liberals, poverty is seen as something that is caused by the idleness of the individuals at the bottom of society and isnt considered to be an economic problem to be combatted by the government. Welfare and soc ial security recipients tend to become welfare dependent so become complacent and do not try to earn money in the marketplace relying on the safety net of the state. The contrasting views of social democrats and neo-liberals are obvious. Neo liberals focus on the economic development of a country where as social democrats view social justice as the paramount feature of governing society. There are many drawbacks and needs for both political stances in UK history, where neoliberalism is seen to be the main driving force behind globalization producing wealth for the economy it is argued that it is also the main driving force behind inequality and treats citizens as consumers for the privatized market. Social democrats however reduced inequality by creating state run systems that act as a preventative measure for social ills but this created an economic crisis as the surplus of wealth could not fund the social security and welfare of state run systems so taxes had to be increased and the economy was severely damaged. Taxation and social security will always be a major discussion point in global politics, there will always be a need to both as they a re co-dependent in order to be effective. The only way to achieve a fair democratic system is to compromise between both neo-liberal and social democratic political stances, both considering the economy and social justice as a means to achieve a fully functioning government. References Ferrara, P. (2011) Reaganomics vs. Obamanomics: Facts and figures. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2011/05/05/reaganomics-vs-obamanomics-facts-and-figures/#30c60c963a1d (Accessed: 20 January 2017). Fox, Paul (2016) Available at: https://studentcentral.brighton.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-2833560-dt-content-rid-5267320_1/courses/SS407_2016/SS407%20Seminar%20taxation%20and%20the%20public%20purse.doc (Accessed: 20 January 2017). Investopedia.com (2003) Laissez Faire, in Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/laissezfaire.asp (Accessed: 20 January 2017). Limited, S.Y.M. (2015) Social policy: Philosophies of welfare. Available at: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/sociology/welfare/revise-it/social-policy-philosophies-of-welfare (Accessed: 20 January 2017). Merriam-Webster (2017) Definition of SOCIAL DEMOCRACY. Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20democracy (Accessed: 20 January 2017). Mikkelson, D. (2014) Margaret Thatcher on socialism. Available at: http://www.snopes.com/politics/quotes/thatcher.asp (Accessed: 20 January 2017). veronica, risie (2015a) The advantages of Privatisation. Available at: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/economics/privatisation/revise-it/the-advantages-of-privatisation (Accessed: 20 January 2017). veronica, risie (2015b) The disadvantages of Privatisation. Available at: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/economics/privatisation/revise-it/the-disadvantages-of-privatisation (Accessed: 20 January 2017).

Immigration Essay -- essays research papers fc

With the many different groups of people coming to this country in search of a better life, we should cut back on who we should allow to have citizenship. There are thousands of immigrants coming to the U.S. every day. A lot of these immigrants are illegal aliens coming to the U.S. to find jobs. Whenever we catch illegals crossing our borders, we should send them right back and that would be the end of the story. Instead we are bringing them to camps to wait until the government finds out what to do with them. With so many immigrants coming over everyday, the U.S. lets people out of these camps and into our society so we can fit the new people who are coming over here in the camps. It is estimated that 4 million illegal aliens are living in the U.S. right now. That means that the government has no idea who these people are or where they are. "Nobody knows who these people are," said a Brownsville, Texas trailer-court owner Bob White. "They could be terrorist, or bandits, or typhoid carriers.† This is why the U.S. government needs to spend more money and stop immigrants at the border. If the United States didn't let any of these people in this country, we would still have people without jobs. So its not like we need these people in our country. In Mexico 60 percent of its labor force is unemployed. So a lot of these people think that there are jobs for them in the U.S., but there aren't. In the first 4 months of 1988 400,000 illegal aliens were caught trying to cross the border. That may sound like a lot, but 300,000 slipped through without being caught. That means that over 40 percent of the people that tried to get into this country illegally, succeeded. If we get more agents on guard by our borders we could cut that number to a tolerable level. Some immigrants that come to this country legally that have a good education and can work well are not a problem. The problem is that there aren't very many of these kinds of people that are trying to get into this country. Many immigrants are poor and just want jobs to keep themselves alive or to support their family. It is hard for illegal immigrants who can't prove that they are legal workers to find jobs. Some employers know from the start that the person they hired is illegal and just hire them because they will work for minimum wage or even less. Trying to get voluntary compliance not hire... ...9FC7B05&ajparam_logpickord=2&ajparam_list1=0&x=22&y=8) â€Å"Immigration and Naturalization.† Immigration and Naturalization Service. (http://www.ask.com/main/metaAnswer.asp?MetaEngine=Infoseek&logQID=6291454C1F8BD311A2D900A0C9FC7B05&qCategory=EDU_&qSource=0&frames=yes&site_name=Jeeves&scope=web&r=x&MetaTopic=U.S.+Immigration+and+Naturalization+Service&MetaURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ins.usdoj.gov%2F&EngineOrdinal=2&ItemOrdinal=1&ask=immigration+metasearch&origin=0&MetaList=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ins.usdoj.gov%2F&x=19&y=10) â€Å"American Immigration Center.† American Immigration Center USA Immigration. (http://www.ask.com/main/metaAnswer.asp?MetaEngine=WebCrawler&logQID=6291454C1F8BD311A2D900A0C9FC7B05&qCategory=EDU_&qSource=0&frames=yes&site_name=Jeeves&scope=web&r=x&MetaTopic=IMMIGRATION%3A+American+Immigration+Center+-+USA+IMMIGRATION+I&MetaURL=http%3A%2F%2Fus-immigration.com%2F&EngineOrdinal=3&ItemOrdinal=6&ask=immigration+metasearch&origin=0&MetaList=http%3A%2F%2Fus-immigration.com%2F&x=24&y=4)

Research Topics in Optometry

Postgraduate research topics Department of Optometry and Vision Science Postgraduate research topics The following is a list of research topics offered at the doctorate (PhD), masters and honours level.  » Honours  » Masters  » PhD Honours Research Topics| Affiliation – Faculty and Dept| Supervisor/s details| Comparison of animal models of age related nuclear cataract| Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Mapping antioxidant transporter expression in the front of the eye| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Julie Lim j. [email  protected] ac. nz| Electron microscopy of protein trafficking in the lens| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Angus Grey ac. [email  protected] ac. nz| Modelling of lens function  | Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Ehsan Vaghefi e. [email  protected] ac. nz| Exploring neural plasticity in the human visual cortex| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Ben Thompson b. [email  protected] ac. nz| Development of aids for colour deficient optometrists| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Misha Vorobyev m. [email  protected] ac. nz| Botox: as a tool for eye therapy? | Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Monica Acosta:m. [email  protected] ac. nz| Top Masters Research Topics| Affiliation – Faculty and Dept| Supervisor/s details| Developing functiuonal assays to study membrane protein function in the core of the lens| Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Chromatic and achromatic vision in reef fish| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Misha Vorobyev m. [email  protected] ac. nz| Colour preference in the honeybee| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Misha Vorobyev m. [email  protected] ac. nz| Clinical tests for colour vision defects| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. z| Defocus and visual function| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Visual characteristics of NZ population groups| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Assessment of refractive error in low vision| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Clinical research topics in optometry| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| How does a cell die? Analysis of photoreceptor cells| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Monica Acosta:m. [email  protected] ac. nz| Top PhD Research Topics| Affiliation – Faculty and Dept| Supervisor/s details| Functional characterization of glucose transporters in the lens| Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Visualization of cell signaling pathways in the ocular lens| Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Functional characterization of the cystine/glutamate exchanger in the lens: a potential therapy to delay age related nuclear cataract? | Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Julie Lim j. [email  protected] c. nz| Functional mapping of purinergic signalling pathways in the lens|   Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Studying membrane protein function in the core of the lens| Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Antioxidant strategies to prevent age related nuclear cataract| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Julie Lim j. [email  protected] ac. nz| Investigation of physiological mechanisms that regulate normal eye growth| Optometry & Vision Science| Dr John Phillips j. [email  protected] ac. nz| Investigation of methods for Inhibition of myopia progression in children. | Optometry & Vision Science| Dr John Phillips j. [email  protected] ac. nz| Harnessing neural plasticity for visual rehabilitation| Optometry & Vision Science| Dr. Ben Thompson b. [email  protected] ac. nz| Measuring the human visual cortex response to visual loss with fMRI| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Ben Thompson b. [email  protected] ac. nz| The relationship between native New Zealand flowers and vision of native pollinators  |   |   | Colour deficeincy and colour judgement|   | Dr Misha Vorobyev m. [email  protected] ac. z| Visual characteristics of NZ population groups| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Defocus and visual function| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Clinical tests for colour vision defects. | FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [ema il  protected] ac. nz| Assessment of refractive error in low vision| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Research topics in clinical optometry| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Vesicular transport in eye disesases| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Dr. Monica Acostam. [email  protected] ac. nz| Neurochemistry of an animal model of retinal degeneration| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Dr. Monica Acostam. [email  protected] ac. nz | Modelling oxygen / CO2 circulation of the retinal cells| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Dr. Ehsan Vaghefi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e. [email  protected] ac. nz| Modelling the electrical stimulation of the retina, using hexagonal electrodes| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Dr. Ehsan Vaghefi e. [email  protected] ac. nz| Creating a full 3D anatomically correct model of the ocular lens| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Professor Paul Donaldsonp. [email  protected] ac. nzDr. Ehsan Vaghefie. [email  protected] ac. nz| Top * FOR * ABOUT * Our department * Our research * Research groups * Publications * Postgraduate research topics * Our courses * Our staff * Careers and opportunities * News and events Apply now! 2012 Handbook Postgraduate Research University of Auckland Clinics SharePrintEmail Copyright  © The University of Auckland A to Z Directory  |  Site map  |  Accessibility  |  Copyright  |  Privacy  |  Disclaimer  |  Feedback on this page | |

Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Example

Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Example Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Under Gorbachev nationalism proved an unstoppable force that precipitated the collapse of the Soviet Union. Nationalism had always existed across the Union but it was allowed to surface and become a problem under Gorbachev predominantly because of his tactical mistakes and because of his reform programme. Nationalism became an unstoppable force because of the deprivation in many Soviet republics. The economic reforms of perestroika were designed to rejuvenate the weak Soviet economy and put it on par with western economies. However, McCauley wrote that economically, perestroika was an abject failure resulting in economic decline, shortages, large budget deficits and rising inflation (1998, 265). By 1990 the economy was in such a poor state that many people in the republics argued that greater autonomy or independence was necessary to protect their economies from collapsing (Walker, 1993, 182). Economic reforms continually failed to give the republics either ownership or managerial control over natural resources or fixed assets on their territory. Yeltsin, who was a popular nationalist campaigner, often complained that even Russia owned just fifteen percent of its resources in 1990 because they were largely controlled by the Soviet Union (Walker, 1993, 178). As perestroika developed, there was a growing belief that the only way to reform the economy was to move away from the centrally planned economy and rely more on market mechanisms. These reforms seriously damaged the Soviet Union because it was taken for granted that state property was the bedrock of a socialist system (McCauley, 1992, 91). The CPSU was legitimised by the fact it was leading the Soviet Union forward to socialism but the economic reforms were clearly not socialist. The existence of the Soviet Union relied on the legitimacy of the CPSU, which was now rendered illegitimate by economic reforms. McCauley wrote, the CPSU was the institution which provided the glue which kept the whole system together. No alternative institution was set up to replace it. One of Gorbachevs failures was that whereas he destroyed the old system, he did not put a new one in its place (1998, 269). Without legitimacy it was almost impossible for the CPSU to hold the Soviet Union together, when there were strong nationalist movements in the republics, who derived legitimacy from popular support. Gorbachev attempted to give the CPSU a new basis of legitimacy in the form of electoral accountability. However the elections were a success for nationalist movements and only consolidated their position and authority shifted further from the centre to the republics. The newly elected republican legislatures claimed greater legitimacy because they were more representative and so refused to be subordinate to federal power (Walker, 1993, 179). The elections boosted the confidence of the nationalist movement and many became increasingly radical. For example, a war of laws began. Republican legislatures changed many federal policies and laws and refused to implement federal orders unless they would benefit the republic (Walker, 1993, 181). Glasnost was a key part of Gorbachevs reforms. In Russian, glasnost literally means openness and Gorbachev believed that a relaxation of censorship and oppression was needed so vital new ideas could come forward to benefit the Soviet Union. However, glasnost contributed greatly to the collapse of the Soviet Union because it unleashed nationalist forces. Firstly, this is because, people were finally shown the ills of the Soviet Union. Walker wrote the mediawhich had always painted a rosy picture of society, began to fill up with horror stories (1993, 137). Terrible stories about the actions of Lenin and Stalin were released and investigative journalists such as young televisions producer Nerzorov, revealed the dire situation the Soviet Union was currently in (McCauley, 1992, 101). Secondly, glasnost removed cultural oppression and allowed nationalist feelings that had always existed to emerge. Across the Soviet Union there was enormous cultural diversity and only a weak common identity. People were finally allowed to say that they wanted their state to be based on a cultural community and that people of the same community should rule it, which fundamentally undermined the idea of the Soviet Union ruled by the CPSU from Moscow (Sakwa, 1998, 279). People were able to organise themselves into nationalist movements and put strong collective pressure on the Soviet Union (Daniels, 1993, 125). Thirdly, the Congress of 1989 dealt a huge blow to the Soviet Union because it gave nationalist tensions an incredibly public platform. This would not have been possible before glasnost. McCauley wrote the old practice of an official line, carefully agreed speeches, and unanimous approval were gone forever (1992, 101). The arguments highlighted how fragmentation of the Soviet Union and the problems with it. The Congress was extremely significant because the Soviet public paid so much attention. Kiernan wrote the nation sat virtually hypnotised in front of its televisions as an unprecedented political spectacle was played out daily (1993, 218). Nationalism and resentment of the Soviet Union was compounded by a series of outbreaks of violence, which ended in Soviet troops killing people in the republics. Gorbachev was indirectly responsible for the killing in Baku, Tbilisi, and Vilinius. He advocated the violence but was shocked at the loss of life (McCauley, 1998, 274). These incidents could not just be swept under the carpet with glasnost. It was clear that Gorbachev had lost control in an unprecedented way for a General Secretary of the CPSU. This strengthened nationalist feeling because people started to seek a new coherent leadership and people were no longer as afraid of defying Gorbachev. This is exemplified by the Gorbachevs swing to the right in the summer of 1990 to consolidate his position (Walker, 1993, 183). Gorbachev made numerous enemies because of his reforms, or by replacing people in power, such as members of the Politburo and the Secretariat. He was continuously attacked and criticised to the point that a coup was staged in 1991 (McCauley, 1998, 92). Many of the people Gorbachev alienated also expressed their dislike by supporting nationalist movements (for example, Yeltsin). They knew that if they destabilised the Soviet Union they would weaken Gorbachevs position. There were external factors that gave rise to nationalism in the Gorbachev era. Firstly, many western states, including most importantly the USA, helped nationalist movements gain greater influence by giving them resources. For example, nationalist movements in the Baltic covertly received printing presses from the USA to enable them to mass produce their nationalist newspapers and pamphlets. Secondly, the new freedoms allowed under glasnost allowed the Soviet public to see that life was far better in the mixed economies of the West. Nationalism became more popular as people in the Soviet republics lost faith in the Union and felt that they could have a better standard of living if they were self-determined (Sakwa, 1998, 288). Finally, it is even alleged that Reagan started a new arms race with a renewed military build-up in the 1980s because he knew that the Soviet economy was weak and could collapse under the strain. This would have added to the deprivation in the republics and sti mulated nationalism (Heywood, 1997, 148). One of Gorbachevs biggest failures as Soviet leader was to almost ignore the national question. He embarked on a massive programme of economic and political reform but failed to address the significant impact this would have on the federal structure of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev failed to appease nationalist with concession and so radicalised them. Initially most nationalists called for greater freedoms, however, when Gorbachev failed to listen to their calls they moved towards wanting secession (Walker, 1993, 174-5). Nationalist movement across the republics of the Soviet Union were very different. They varied greatly in the tactics they employed and the pace at which they moved. This is demonstrated by the numerous differences between nationalists in the Baltic and Central Asia. Nationalist movements in the Baltic tended to be more radical than in Central Asia. It was Baltic nationalists that first challenged the authority of the Soviet Union with declarations of sovereignty. They were the first to discuss secession and the first to secede (Daniels, 1993, 126). Baltic nationalists were also far more protective of their ethnic identity and against, what they saw as, Russian imperialism. Daniels wrote in the extreme case, to protect their ethnic identity, the Baltic republics have tried to deny equal rights of citizenship to Russians and others who may actually have been born there and lived there all their lives (1993, 135). The radicalism in the Baltic republics is understandable in the light of the fact they were only incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940 as a result of the Nazi-Soviet Pact (Walker, 1993, 117). In the 1980s, people in the Baltic could still remember the Soviets colluding with the Nazis and treating their nation like a commodity. This is very different to Central Asia, where many of the Soviet states had been part of a Russian-centred empire for at least one-hundred years (Daniels, 1993, 135). Central Asian republics also benefited economically from being in the Soviet Union. They tended to have weak economies and received a net inwards flow of resources as a result of being part of the Union (Walker, 1993, 180). The opposite is the case in the Baltic republics because they were some of the richest and most developed in the Soviet Union. Their bitterness at being part of the Soviet Union was compounded by the net outflow of resources (Muiznieks, 1995, 21). Nationalist movements in Central Asia did not have the ambition or the scope of those in the Baltic republics. They tended to be more concerned with local projects that directly influenced them, whereas the Baltic republics became the battleground over the fate of the Soviet Union. Muiznieks wrote nationalist movements in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania not only destroyed the structures of Soviet power in their own republics, but exported their revolutions to other areas of the Union as well (1995, 3). This is because nationalist movements in the Baltic believed that their interests would be best served by helping unleash nationalism across the Soviet Union. They also were driven by ideology to a greater extent than nationalist movements in Central Asia. The movements in the Baltic were committed to the belief that peoples should have the right to self-determination. They attempted to find allies in other Soviet republics and if they could not find some they would proactively try to cr eate some. They did this by stirring up nationalist agitation with the numerous publications and radio stations they established. Once nationalist feeling had grown, prominent activists were often sent out to help nationalist movements grow by offering practical assistance (Muiznieks, 1995, 7-8). Even if nationalist movements across the Soviet Union did not directly collude with those in the Baltic republics, there are numerous instances (for example Belorussia, Moldavia and the Ukraine) of movements importing the methods and goals of Baltic movements (Muiznieks, 1995, 11). The Baltic movements were also very influential because the Baltic was the most westernised part of the Soviet Union and managed to maintain some links with the West, and therefore contact with or emulation of the Balts might have been perceived as enhancing ones own western orientation (Muiznieks, 1995, 20). Nationalist movements in Central Asia were not as influential as those in the Baltic because they concentrated more on local disputes. They did not provide a model that was compatible with many of the republics of the Soviet Union because they were predominantly Islamic. Some animosity existed with the Christian majority across the Soviet Union. The model provided by movements in Central Asia was also much less appealing because of the violence and involvement of the Soviet military. In comparison the Baltic model was much less dangerous (Muiznieks, 1995, 20-1). In conclusion, Gorbachevs reforms, primarily perestroika and glasnost, proved to be an absolute disaster for the Soviet Union because they compounded nationalist feeling and allowed it to be expressed openly. Gorbachev crucially failed to address the national question although he had unleashed. By the time he had realised there was a serious problem, he no longer had the power to rectify the situation. Therefore, it is fair to blame Gorbachev for letting nationalism become an unstoppable force.

Trends In Health Care Example

Trends In Health Care Example Trends In Health Care – Coursework Example Trends in Health Care Trends in Health Care Diseases, disorders and disabilities have a large impact on communities, individuals and families. Individuals suffer from severe symptoms of the disorders and disabilities. Moreover, individuals suffer the most since they are unable to participate in their jobs and leisure activities as individuals with disabilities or disease are often discriminated (Kronenfeld, 2002). People with disabilities and certain disorders worry about not being able to cater for their responsibilities towards their friends and families and they fear to be perceived as beggars and as burden. Studies show one in four households at least one member suffers from an illness, disability or a disorder. Families are required to provide both emotional and physical support. Individuals with the disabilities face economic and emotional difficulties in their entire life.People have different attitudes and emotions towards people living with disabilities. Most people are cari ng and sympathetic to people living with disabilities and disorders. In some cases, some individuals feel that some diseases and disorders are related to family issues and they have fear that history may be repeated in the future. Health facilities have initiated programs that helps members of a society come into terms with causes some diseases and disorders. Community-based programs are providing vital role in changing the society perception about people living with disorders and disabilities (Kronenfeld, 2002). They have also been involved in improving the living standards of the people living with diseases, disorders and disabilities. These programs help the families which have members with disorders and disabilities both finaciall8y and psychologically. The programs help the society to understand the disorders and the disease in a better way and also train them how to care for the people living with the diseases. These community- based programs have helped the society by caring for individuals living with the disabilities and disorder. They help in improving the living the standards of people with disability. The programs will also help individuals with disability to accept themselves regardless of their conditions. However, these community-based programs may exploit the resources available in the name of helping the community. Health facilities should ensure that they have adequate and up to date equipment to treat individuals with specific diseases and disorders. More resources should be allocated to communities to help in addressing health issues. I feel that the health sector is improving but there is still more to be done.ReferencesKronenfeld, J. J. (2002). Health Care Policy: Issues and Trends, Volume 759. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group,.

History -wk3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History -wk3 - Essay Example Functionalism was more interested in how the mind worked, and how it is used by an organism in order to adopt to it’s environment (Schultz and Schultz, 2004). These researchers were concerned with how the mind functioned in the real world. Psychology was interested in the functioning of the entire human being which is the reason why they tended to function under functionalism instead of structuralism. Darwin believed that natural selection meant that some organisms would survive in their environments while others would not and that this may be inherited (Schultz and Schultz, 2004). According to Weiner, this natural selection has changed in that it now means that individuals are attempting to maintain the genetic pool so that individuals do not develop those characteristics that will not promote the maintenance of the species. Although these two theories are similar, it seems that contemporary evolutionary theory gives more understanding of why some children survive and some do not whether this is in childbirth or afterwards. In other words, perhaps some defects are detected early on in a species and therefore the organism is eliminated before it has a chance to grow because it does not promote the species. I am interested in the concept of Gestalt psychology and how it has been used in counseling and therapy. I would like to begin with an understanding of what Gestalt psychology is and how it has developed over time. I would like to include an understanding of its influence for Wundts work and how it was influenced by the Zeitgeist in physics. I am fascinated by the idea that some of these theories have grown into the opportunity to use it in therapy. I will discuss some of the major contributors to Gestalt psychology including Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Lewin. I will then discuss how Frederick Perls eventually coined "Gestalt Therapy" in order to show that therapy could be

Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Journalism - Essay Example The reason behind the easy usage of twitter accounts to spread messages fast if the features that it has incorporated in enhancing the sharing of information. This aids in fast spreading of information across the globe within seconds. For instance, from the reading, Twitter has played a very fundamental role in enhancing the communication of critical messages. Such messages include information about terror attacks (Hermida 672-673). The reading gives some insight on the importance of people to embrace the use of twitter as a social media communication platform. Twitter has a major impact on the journalism practice in everyday life. The social media communication platform has had quite and influence how in the reporting and distribution of information globally in the news houses. The use of Twitter affect how other news organizations have to respond to breaking news in order to have a significant input to the public. In addition, the journalists’ scope is evolving daily to because of the new communication platform to that is making great impacts in the communication industry (680). The article is about the impact that citizen journalism has from case studies done in China. In china, the mainstream media is in strict control and there is the intensification of social conflicts. These happen amid the worsening sentiments among the nationals in the country. The reading is very realistic about the current society where citizen and mainstream journalism communication have taken root. For instance, it cuts across the citizen communication and its impact in the societies that are non-democratic both politically and socially. The reading gives insight on what is happening in most societies in the world in terms of communication practices. It is evident from the case stud citizen communication has a great influence in mainstream journalism in enhancing the online flowing of information. The establishment of

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Economics - Essay Example This is known as satisficing. If the firm wants to maximize its profits it will try to equate marginal revenue and marginal cost. Marginal cost refers to the increase in the total costs of a firm caused by increasing its output by one extra unit. From the viewpoint of economists, firms normally produce at a point at which the marginal costs are positive. Marginal revenue refers to the receipt from selling an extra unit of output. On the other hand, when the firms go for satisficing the managers of a firm need to make enough profit in order to satisfy the demands of their shareholders. Satisficing or profit satisficing denotes the managerial behavior that attempts to achieve some level profits. Once the satisfactory level of profits has been achieved, the managers are free to maximize their rewards that can be available from the particular company. All the markets are in equilibrium when the demand and supply are equal. Equilibrium or equilibrium price refers to the price level of a particular commodity at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. Here the price and quantity demanded are having a negative relation. The variables which are negatively related, for example price and quantity demanded, have an inverse relation. Here the price is a determinant and the quantity is determined. An increase in the price leads to a fall in the quantity demanded and vice versa. There are many inversely related variables in economics, for example rate of interest and borrowing, economic growth and balance of payment, unemployment and inflation etc, that is an increase in the rate of interest, an increase in the economic growth and an increase in the unemployment will cause a fall in borrowing, balance of payment and unemployment respectively. The actual market always tends towards the equilibrium price where demand and supply curves cut each other.

Odysseus vs Rama Essay Example for Free

Odysseus vs Rama Essay Two exciting epics that are widely read and well-known across the globe hold many likenesses between the heroes. The Odyssey by Homer and The Ramayana by Valmiki, tell the tales of two heroes who hold many similarities between them even as their stories differ. Both poems are epics because their heroes are great men, well-known to their worlds, both suffer long difficult journeys, and both are aided by as well as taunted by gods and goddesses of their religions and cultures. But in the end both men overcome great tragedy and catastrophes to rightfully rule as kings of their own lands. Odysseus and Rama were both strong warriors of great stature. Athena speaks of Odysseus to his son and calls him â€Å"a mighty man† (Homer, Odyssey, Book I,p. 7). Griffith describes Rama as â€Å"Tall and broad-shouldered, strong of limb,† (Griffith, Book I, stz. 1) who has â€Å"†¦massive jaw and ample chest† and â€Å"strong arms reach below his knee† (Griffith, Book I, stz. 1). Throughout the story these men both are challenged and use their great strength of the warrior to defeat their challengers. Odysseus is challenged by the sea many times and with great strength survives the power of the sea against him. In the house of King Alcinous he describes many a plight where he fought against the drowning waves and the storms of Poseidon. â€Å"†¦. Zeus with white bolt crushed my swift ship and cleft it in the midst of the wine-dark deep†¦. I clung with fast embrace about the keel of the curved ship, and so was I borne for nine whole days†¦. † (Homer, Osdyssey, Book VII, p. 105). Only a man of great strength and endurance could cling in the moving waters for nine whole days without fail. Then, against Poseidon’s enormous waves, Odysseus later survives a storm at sea by swimming through the forcible waves to reach land. For Poseidon, shaker of the earth, stirred up the same, who roused against me the winds†¦. Thus the storm winds shattered the raft, but as for me I cleft my way through the gulf yonder†¦. † (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book VII, p. 105). Odysseus exhibits godly strength against the seas and her challenges. Rama displays an unconquerable stamina in Griffith’s epic. Rama slays a giant to gain the friendship of Agastya but this leads to his being attacked by the giantess Surpanakha and her three sisters. Still they are no match for Rama as â€Å"†¦. they and myriad fiends beside Beneath the might of Rama died† (Griffith, Book I stz. ). Both heroes are challenged by enormous odds and yet both are victorious proving stout strength and stamina above all other men. However, physical strength is not the only weapon these heroes wield. Cunning and strategy play an important role in defeating more powerful enemies. Odysseus exhibits such mental strength against Cyclops when he helps his companions to escape the Cyclops’ cavern. Odysseus devised a plan to deceive Cyclops and in his cunning is even smart enough to predict Cyclops’ call for help from his brethren. And in knowing this, he tells Cyc lops his name is â€Å"Noman. Thus does Cyclops call out for help after Odysseus blinds him with the torched end of a stake and cries â€Å"My friends, Noman is slaying me by guile, nor at all by force† (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 137-8). Thus his friends who thought â€Å"no man† was assaulting their brother determined his suffering to be a sickness sent by Zeus and bade him to call upon his father Poseidon for help and went their ways. Odysseus further exhibits his craftiness when he devises a plan of escape. When Cyclops is blinded, he sets himself before the cave entrance with arms wide to prevent the men’s departure through the cavern mouth. However, Odysseus is more clever than he and fastens three sheep together across and ties a man beneath the middle one’s underbelly. For himself he hangs on beneath the magnificent ram until sunrise when they are allowed through the mouth of the cavern by Cyclops out to pasture to graze. Once far from Cyclops Odysseus comes out from under his ram and then unfastens his men, and they are all able to escape. By their hiding beneath the sheep, Cyclops only felt the fleece and thereby allowed the men to pass through. This is a grand display of cunning. Rama also portrays some semblance of intelligence when he chooses his allies against the demon king, realizing that he can win their loyalty by defeating their enemy and convincing the king of the monkeys that they share a suffrage because they both have been banished from their homelands, Rama is able to convince the monkey army to come to his aid (Griffith, Book I, stz. 1) . â€Å"Who, knowing all the tale, before The sacred flame alliance swore. Sugriva to his new-found friend Told his own story to the end: His hate of Bali for the wrong And insult he had borne so long. And Rama lent a willing ear And promised to allay his fear† (Griffith, Book I, Stz. 1). With his crafty ways, Rama knew since he had slain the object of Sugriva’s , the monkey king’s, hatred, that he would be allied at once with the monkey armies. This was his key to finding his wife, Sita, and rescuing her. Odysseus and Rama were both intertwined with the deities of their cultures. Odysseus had the help of Athena throughout his entire trip home after the war in Troy and his exile with Calypso on her lonely island where he was a kept man by the goddess (Homer, Odyssey, Book I, p. ). Athena bodes Zeus â€Å"O father†¦. if indeed this thing is now well pleasing to the blessed gods, that wise Odysseus should return to his own home, let us then speed Hermes the Messenger†¦. to the island of Ogygia. There with all speed let him declare†¦. our unerring counsel, even the return of the patient Odysseus, that so he may come to his home† (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book I, p. 3). If not for Athena’s plea and reminder to Zeus, Odysseus would have remained with Calypso forever. But Athena provides further assistance and stays beside Odysseus along the way. She is with him when he travels to the house of King Alcinous and tries to protect him and to guide him. â€Å"At that same hour Odysseus roused him to go to the city, and Athene shed a deep mist about Odysseus for the favour that she bare him, lest any of the Phaeacians†¦. should meet him and mock him†¦. † (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book VII, p. 97). And disguised as a maiden she journeys with him home on the ship and stays until he has defeated his wife’s wooers who have consumed the spoils of his home. She lends her assistance when needed such as when she cloaked Odysseus and his son and his men in darkness so that they may leave the town to come back to defeat the wooers in battle. Athena provides even more aid as she convinces his son Telemachus to search for his father and to bring him home. She also gives him advice such as having his mother hide Odysseus’ bow that no man can string other than Odysseus, foreseeing the contest to prove his identity later after his journey (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book II, pp. 25-7). Rama himself is a god although he does not know this. He is the born human entity of the god Vishnu Narayana who has a premeditated plan to take human form and then to defeat the demon god, Ravana hated by all supernatural gods and goddesses alike. But it is not until the end of his epic journey that Rama remembers that his true essence is the god Narayana (Griffith, Book I, stz. 19). This is unlike Odysseus who was favored by the gods and knew of their help and their interest in him as he bore them many sacrifices in return. One such sacrifice being in the cave of the Cyclops as they awaited his return from shepherding his flock. â€Å"Then we kindled a fire, and made burnt-offering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 132). Such offerings are made throughout the story before and after challenges are met. Once the Cyclops was defeated, Odysseus took the best ram for offering â€Å"†¦the ram for me alone my goodly-greaved company chose out, in the dividing of the sheep, and on the shore I offered him up to Zeus†¦. and I burnt the slices of the thighs. † (Homer, Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 142). From this a conclusion could be drawn: it is expected of a hero to make offering to the gods who find favor with him. Likewise, Rama shows respect to the gods and his father, King Dasaratha, when he unfailingly responds to their commands without question. When asked by Queen Kaikeyi if he promises to honor his father’s vow and do his bidding, Rama replies, â€Å"I, at the bidding of my sire, Would cast my body to the fire, A deadly draught of poison drink, Or in the waves of ocean sink: If he command, it shall be done,My father and my king in one† (Griffith, Book II, stz. 8). Rama leaves for his banishment without delay and without question to honor his father’s vow to Kaikeyi. He meets his challenges without hesitation and follows what the Indians name â€Å"dharma†, the will of the gods (Brockington, 1984, p. 33) or what the Greeks refer to as fate, a story of life darned out by the Muse (Homer, Iliad, 1950, p. 175). Both epics contain heroes who follow their dharma or fate without question and praise and honor their gods. It is when the heroes anger or disrespect the gods that evil befalls them. For example, when Odysseus tells king Alcinous how he injured Cyclops and this angered the creature’s father, Poseidon who aided Cyclops as he attacked the ship with hilltop and large boulder causing waves to drive the ship back to shore. (Homer, Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 141-2). Or when Rama slays the giant and angers the demon king Ravan, because Rama is vigilant in his respect to the gods, he overcomes the challenges brought before him when his wife is stolen from him. Rama is the example of true dharma and a great hero to the Indian religion of Hindu. Brockington, 1984, p. 8). Odysseus and Rama both face a great journey and banishment. Odysseus takes twenty years to return from the battle of Troy and suffers many hardships along the way that detain him from reaching his homeland for which he desires. One such suffering be at the hands of Calypso on the Isle Ogygia for seven years where she forced his stay as he had no means by which to depart until Calypso was bade by the gods to sent him adrift on a raft (Homer, Odyssey,1950, Book V, pp. 74-75. Among these misadventures that halted Odysseus’ return, was the Isle of the Lotus-Eaters, where the men ate of the Lotus which made them lose their desire to continue their journey home, and the Sirens who attempted to attract them to their own deaths (Homer, Odyssey, Book IX, p. 128-130). The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus’ journey home once he has befallen these challenges after the War of Troy. This journey takes more time as he meets hardships mostly set upon him by Poseidon, who â€Å"†¦. saw Odysseus as he sailed over the deep; and he was mightily angered in spirit†¦. (Homer, Odyssey, Book V, p. 79) and reveals â€Å"it must be that the gods at the last have changed their purposes concerning Odysseus†¦. But methinks that even yet I will drive him far enough in the path of suffering† (Homer, Odyssey, 1950, p. 79). Thus another journey begins and Odysseus is troubled once again, taking a total of twenty years before he reaches his homeland. If not for Athena’s aid and the aid of the other gods, Odysseus would not have been successful. Rama is also taken from his homeland. On the eve of his preparations to take over the throne for his father, one of his father’s other wives, Queen Kaikeyi , to whom King Dasaratha owes two vows as she had saved his life previously, beseeches the king to throne her son, Bharat and exile Rama for fourteen years to the forest. â€Å"These rites in Ramas name begun Transfer them, and enthrone my son. The time is come to claim at last The double boon of days long-past, When Gods and demons met in fight. And thou wouldst fain my care requite. Now forth to Dandaks forest drive Thy Rama for nine years and five, And let him dwell a hermit there†¦. (Griffith, Book II, stz. 11). With these words Kaikeyi reminds Dasaratha of his promise to her when she saved his life by caring for a fatal wound. She then asks for her son to be throned without challenge from Rama and also that Rama be exiled for fourteen years to live as a hermit in the forest. Kaikeyi only does such a greedy act because her maid Manthara has convinced her that horrible tidings await her future and that of her son if Bharat does not take the throne and Rama is enthroned (Griffith, Book II, stzs. -8). Still, honoring his father’s lamenting bid, Rama departs, ready to make a life anew with his wife and his one half-brother, Lakshmana (Griffith, Book II, stz. 19). As did Odysseus, so did Rama face many sufferings once he left in exile and his journey was not yet over. Sita, his wife, is stolen from him while he is away. Thus Rama, takes on the tasks of allying with the monkey armies to have aid in finding and saving his beloved wife. Then he faces Ravan, the demon king, to save her (Griffi th, Book IV, V, VI). Odysseus’ and Rama’s stories both reveal the importance of a warrior’s weaponry and strength in their respective cultures. When Odysseus returns home, with the deviousness of Athena, he and his son and wife, Telemachus and Penelope, devise a contest to prove his identity so that Odysseus may overtake his kingdom of Ithaca once more. Whosoever can string Odysseus’ prominent bow will have Penelope for his wife and all the kingdom of Odysseus for his own. So does Penelope set the bow and quiver before the wooers. And one by one they attempt to string Odysseus’ mighty bow. But none can accomplish this feat. Once Telemachus convinces the wooers to let the beggar who is his disguised father attempt the feat, â€Å"†¦. Odysseus straightaway bent the great bow, all without effort, and took it in his right hand and proved the bow string, which rang sweetly at the touch, in tone like a swallow â€Å" (Homer, Odyssey, 1950, Book XXI, p. 336). All at once he revealed his true identity and all was lost to the suitors of his wife.