GFR and Ret51

A) GFR and Ret51 both are receptors, GDNF is found to promote PNS development and kidney morphogenesis through the receptor complex consisting of GDNF family receptor 1 (GFR1) and the other receptor tyrosine kinase (Ret). Ret signal transduction is increased by translocation of GFR. GFR-mediated Ret activation is essential too for the kidney morphogenesis and for various other functions of abdominal precursors that form abdominal nervous system. Also, GFR has many lipid rafts because its GPI anchorage, but Ret is expelled from lipid rafts. In this paper, the gene replacement for GFR in mice results GDNF resulting in Ret activation but prevented its translocation into lipid rafts. These mice showed renal agenesis, and other disorders including loss of the enteric nervous system, and defects in motor neuron axon path similar to GFR mice that was knocked out, all this provided evidence along with lipid rafts GFR is also needed for neurotrophic factor signaling. B) Primary considerate neurons secluded from Gfr1and Gfr1TM/TM mice were maintained in vitro for some days. Then they treated the neurons with GDNF or medium for exact time of 15 minutes. The Detergent-resistant membranes quarantined from the neurons were examined by immunoblotting for Ret51. The comparative purity of detergent resistant and detergent soluble fractions was confirmed by using immunoblotting for caveolin and transferrin receptor, respectively B, the experiments shown in A, were computed and graphed. Otherwise, Substantial decline in the amount of Ret51 was recorded statistically that translocated into lipid rafts while GDNF stimulation in Gfr1TM/TM neurons compared with Gfr1 neurons. Similar Results were obtained after performing the experiment four times.Moreover, Lipid raft translocation experiments were performed to prove the concept that GDNF/GFR1/Ret complex does not translocate into lipid rafts in Gfr1TM/TM mice. Primary sympathetic neurons from Gfr1/ and Gfr1TM/TM mice were used to extract detergent-resistant membranes. Upon stimulation of Gfr1/ neurons with GDNF, Ret translocated quickly into lipid rafts. This was a contrast to Gfr1TM/TM neurons that an evident reduced movement of Ret into the detergent-resistant was recorded because of GDNF exposure. A small portion of Ret that did translocate into lipid rafts while stimulation may be owing to Ret kinase-dependent translocation of Ret into rafts that occurs with slower movements. There was a significant, 75% reduction in the kinetics of the Ret receptor complex into lipid rafts during GDNF exposure in Gfr1TM/TM neurons according to computation made by these experiments. C) The negative control design here for confirming the results that Ret doesn't translocate into lipid rafts during GFL activation in Gfr1TM/TM neurons, the primary sympathetic neurons isolated from Gfr1/and Gfr1TM/TM mice will be grown in the same way as test ones, with the only difference that there will be no treatment with GDNF or medium for 15 minutes, and the impact of this will confirm the result to much greater extent upon immunoblotting.

Network Design Project It/230 Final Paper

Network Design Project Art Meyer IT/230 Pernell Curtis 11/27/2011 Executive Summary The Tri-Corp company is need of a complete networking solution. Tri-Corp has two offices, one in Phoenix, and the other in Tucson. The main office in Phoenix is a large 4-story building with 50 workstations and 10 network printers. The Tucson office has five separate workstations and three network capable printers. The clients use Outlook exchange web server for their email communications; both offices require data transfer on a daily basis. Each user requires access to the internet and the shared data stored on the nine clients workstations.DSL, cable, and T3 network solutions are available to the clients. The Tucson clients have a cable internet connection with 8mbps max upload and download limit. The physical layout of the Tucson office is a single story design where the workstations are located in five separate offices in a large building; an unused storage closet is located in a central point in between the offices of that building. Tri-Corps needs a reliable network, with a VPN service to accommodate the needs of traveling executives, upper management, and a growing workforce.Company executives at Tri-Corp have requested a remote access solution as part of their systems upgrade. The company desires its employees to have access to the network from their home PC’s and laptops as a method to help improve productivity and eliminate unnecessary travel and paperwork. In order to function more efficiently, many companies across the globe require remote access to their server systems. A remote access solution will provide Tri-Corp with a proven method to retrieve data from remote locations and them with the opportunity for their executives to complete necessary tasks on the go.However, remote access may provide intruders a method to access Tri-Corps secure data. These vulnerabilities may expose the risk of exploitation and have caused irreparable damage to other companies i n the past. Successfully implementing Tri-Corps remote access solution requires careful planning to protect their data and avoid unwanted attacks by unauthorized users. In addition to the Enterprise system upgrades, Tri-Corp needs to design and implement a disaster recovery plan and review system security policies.While some disasters are unavoidable and vary in type and magnitude, system security attacks are avoidable when companies enforce their information policies and protect their resources. Tri-Corps offices may contain vulnerabilities because they offer remote access to company data to many employees in both locations. Cabling Specifications The shield twisted pair (STP) or unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable are what connects computers to the switch on the Star Topology network10Base-T is one of the Ethernet standards for cabling in a network environment. 10BaseT uses a twisted pair cable with a maximum length of 100 meters.Standard 10BaseT operates at 10 Mbps. It is commonl y used in a star topology. Gigabit Ethernet (CAT6) over twisted pair copper wires is the preferred cabling specification for high speed data transmissions. Transmission rates in this cabling specification may reach speeds of up to 1000 Mbps. CAT5 T/100 base cables will provide adequate data transfer for most other applications. Local Area Network (LAN) Topologies In the star topology, instead of having a direct connection to each other, the systems are connected to a central device, such as a network switch or a router.One definite advantage the star topology provides is network stability. For example, in the star topology, when one system goes down, it does not bring the rest of the network down with it as it does in the bus or ring topologies. The star topology is the most prevalent topology in use today. The physical topology of the star network contains six different classifications; namely point-to-point network, ring network, mesh network, bus network, tree network and star ne twork. Of these six, the star network is one of the most commonly utilized network topologies.According to definition, the term ‘star topology‘, refers to a network wherein all the nodes are connected individually to one common hub (Naik, 2011). Simply stated, the stat topology is a network topology wherein transmission stations connect to the central node in a configuration where the design of the network stations resembles the shape of a star. Essentially, the star topology design may be likened to the spokes on a wheel, all connected to the central hub. In this network configuration, the exchange of date is only possible through an indirect connection to the central node; this connects all other nodes to the network.As with various other types of network topologies, the star topology has its own set of particular advantages and disadvantages. These factors require careful consideration in regards to the feasibility of the network setup. When evaluating this topology, careful comparison to other network solutions and consideration of all available options helped to discover which solution would provide Tri-Corp with the best answer to meet their needs. It is very easy to install and manage star network topology because its functionality is the simplest among the topologies.Because all computers rely on the central hub, troubleshooting a star topology network is much easier, therefore, any problem, which leaves the network inoperable, leaves a direct path to the central hub. This feature simplifies troubleshooting by offering a particular spot for error connection and at the same time, the reliance is very high on that single point. In star topology, the data packets do not have to make their way through various nodes; this ensures that the data transfer is fast.Consequently, the fact that the data packets only make it through three different points also guarantees that the data is safe. Because the nodes do not connect to each other, problems in one node do not affect the routine of other nodes in the network. Since all the computers on the network have independent control of their networks and are only dependant on the central hub computer, failures in transmitting data and other possible problems in this area are less likely to occur. In addition, if the hub is safe then every computer in the network is safe.This type of network provides more privacy than any other network. Additions, such as new machines or replacing older units are much easier in the star network topology, since the network will not experience any disruption to facilitate changes. The primary problem with star network topology is the fact that it is highly dependent on the central hub functioning properly. Additionally, network size is dependent on the number of connections available on the hub. This network type requires more cable when compared to other topologies, such as linear bus topology.Therefore, the cost and expense of a star topology runs hig her and the expenses incurred are relatively high. Since the performance of the total network depends on the performance of the hub, a slow server will cause the entire network to slow down. As mentioned earlier, the star network topology requires more cable to connect the network together than the usual Bus topology. For this particular network setup, the recommendation is to use is the RJ45 or the Ethernet cables. To be specific, this network setup requires a gigabit 48-port switch and CAT6 base T/1000 Ethernet cabling to both the IT and the graphic design department.The other departments will use CAT5 base T/100 cabling. In a Star Network the entire network is dependent on the hub so if the entire network is not working then there could be a problem with the hub. Since all the computers on the network have independent control of their networks and only dependant on the central hub computer, the failures in transmission and other possible problems in this area are less likely. In addition, if the hub is safe then every computer in the network is safe. This type of network also offers more privacy than any other network.A Star Network Topology is best suited for smaller networks like Tri-Corps and works best when there is limited number of nodes. The primary objective is to ensure that Tri-Corps hub or the central node is always functioning and that all extra security features are added to the hub because it s the heart of the network and the stability of the network relies directly on the stability of the central hub. Wide Area Network (WAN) Design Tri-Corps two offices, one in Phoenix and the other in Tucson require a WAN network to effectively communicate and share data and resources.The main office in Phoenix is a large 4-story building with 50 workstations and 10 network printers. The Tucson office has five separate workstations and three network capable printers. The clients use Outlook exchange web server for their email communications and require mini mal amounts of data transfers between the offices. Each user requires access to the internet and the shared data stored on the nine clients workstations. Both DSL and cable internet service are available to the clients. The Tucson clients have a cable internet connection with 8mbps max upload and download limit.The physical layout of the Tucson office is a single story design where the workstations are located in five separate offices in a large building; an unused storage closet is located in a central point in between the offices of that building. The current system in the Tucson office uses a non-commercial five-port router; each computer connects to the router through a Cat5 Ethernet connection. The first step is to discover the bandwidth needs and average user loads. Data from Cisco (Boda, 2009) suggests the average broadband connection generates approximately 11. gigabytes of Internet traffic per month. We will use this figure to calculate the bandwidth needs of this company. Calculating with 10 users and a five-day, forty-hour workweek as our model for the Tucson office, we can calculate average daily consumption to be approximately 5. 7 gigabytes per day of bandwidth consumption. The current cable internet allows for 28 gigabytes during an eight-hour period (multiply 8mbps x 3600, the number of seconds in an eight, hour period, and divide by 1024) should provide a stable connection throughout the day as all ten users are rarely on the network at once.The setup of the Phoenix offices is more complex; they require a T3 connection to accommodate the IT and the Graphic Design departments. The third floor houses the IT department, the first floor houses the reception staff, along with lower level management, the second floor houses the graphic design department, and the fourth floor houses the operations staff while the fifth floor houses upper management. The current system in the Phoenix offices uses a network hub and repeaters. Both the IT and graphic de sign department complain they do not have sufficient bandwidth to meet their needs.Upper management complains that the system on their floor is too slow. The Tucson offices complain they experience difficulty sending and receiving data and email from the Phoenix offices, and connections time out frequently. The current system in the Tucson offices lacks design and will not allow for additional users or adding network printers. Additionally, aside from the firewall provided by the router, no real network security is in place and the workstations cannot communicate with each other in either location. The Phoenix offices need increased speed and greater bandwidth. Both offices require better communications etween the workstations to increase efficiency. The recommendation for the Tucson offices is to install a server system using Windows server 2003, and a VPN; this office will utilize the star topology, thus allowing for growth and easier diagnostics. In addition, failure of one works tation will not affect the entire network and the speed will be optimal. The server software provides several benefits. Multiple applications are available to run in the Server 2003 environment, including financial apps, database programs, and e-mail exchange operations as well as web server and Internet programs.Domain operations are included in the software, something that will become an important resource by adding security and the ability to the local and group policies of the network. Additionally, if Server 2003 is not utilized as a domain controller, then it can run simple network operations using peer-to-peer structures (Garza, 2010). An extensive amount of shielded twisted pair Cat5 cables will be necessary to connect each workstation and the network capable printers. The VPN system will allow the users to connect remotely to their workstations and the company intranet. The Tucson office will utilize the central closet as a server room.The server will handle all application s and house the data storage. The server will have a connection to a primary switch; this switch will also handle the data transfer between the local PCs of each office. The switch accomplishes two tasks; since connections from one port to another are made on an as needed basis (Axia College, 2005), this will eliminate traffic collisions and create faster point to point connections. The switch will be connected to ports on the private network switch allowing for access to the application and data servers, along with the DNS and Active Directory server.Since the data transfer needs are minimal, the switch does not need Cat6 cabling; Cat5 STP will work, gigabit switches will not be necessary. Security from outside traffic will be enforced by closing the ports to outside traffic. Users will access the internet via an Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) server, which will be connected to the public network. The recommendation for the Phoenix office will also include a new server an d the Windows server 2003 platform. Both offices will use the same VPN, however, in the Phoenix offices, only upper management will have access to the VPN from outside the building.The existing network hub will be replaced by T/1000 switches connected to gigabit LAN network interface cards on each of the workstations in the graphic design department as well as those in the IT and upper management. Gigabit LAN adaptors are required on the servers to accommodate the high bandwidth needs of these departments. The reception area, lower management, and Operations will connect to standard switches using a T/100 base, thus eliminating the problem of network congestion in the departments where more bandwidth is required, and limiting the bandwidth where it is not necessary.Cat6 cabling will be utilized on the second, third, and fifth floors to accommodate the bandwidth needs of the high end users. CAT5 cabling will be used throughout the rest of the system and should easily meet the needs o f the end users in the other departments. The primary cost of upgrading both systems will be in the cabling; both offices will require an extensive amount of CAT5 and CAT6 networking cables.The server systems and switches will incur the second highest cost; both upgrades are necessary to provide the company with greater ease of use and transitional growth opportunities Updating the current systems and switching to Windows server 2003 will provide both offices with greater stability, efficiency, and increased security. Updating the Phoenix offices from hubs to switches will increase the flow of network traffic and allow for greater communications between both offices and all workstations.The Tucson offices will benefit from less frequent connection time outs and rapid data transfer to and from the Phoenix offices. Additionally, both offices will be more prepared for rapid growth. The Tucson offices will show increased productivity by networking all of the printers. The Phoenix office s will benefit from as the IT department and graphic design will have the necessary bandwidth to meet their needs, while upper management will spend less time waiting on reports and data necessary to make day to day decisions that will affect the company’s long-term growth strategies.Upgrading the current systems is not only a wise decision, it is the only logical decision for a company that is primed to move ahead and take control of the market in its area and expand into more profitable markets in other cities as well. Network Protocols VPN users gain remote access to their LAN through the internet. VPN’s are network links formed by connecting to an ISP and the company LAN. These connections use technologies such as sophisticated packet encryption to secure the data link. This is especially important, as the information is travels across a public network.The advantage of using a public network versus dedicated connections is the cost; many companies take advantage of VPN technology to provide remote access without compromising security. Dial-up networking is the simplest way to connect to the Internet. Computers connect over the phone line using a modem. Users must pay for a subscription to an ISP like AOL. Dial-up connections are much slower than broadband and the speed maxes out at 33. 6 Kbps. Some applications will work with satisfactory results; more and more applications require greater connection speeds even when performing simple tasks such as transferring files.Both applications require user name and password login information; that however, is where the similarities end. VPN users benefit from a secure, encrypted connection that is firewalled from intruders and typically monitored by a network administrator to ensure the privacy of the connection is not compromised. Dial up users connect to a public network and may be susceptible to outside attacks. Network Remote Access Company executives at Tri-Corp have requested a remote access sol ution as part of their systems upgrade.The company desires its employees to have access to the network from their home PC’s and laptops as a method to help improve productivity and eliminate unnecessary travel and paperwork. The company requests that all upper management be granted unlimited access to all files and network resources and permissions. Additionally, they wish to grant access to all mid-level managers, the operations manager, and the entire graphic design department. Support staff and non-salaried associates desire access to the company site for employee benefits and access to daily reports.Tri-Corps enterprise system runs two servers, one in the main branch located in Phoenix; the other in the support branch located in Tucson. Both branches utilize Microsoft Server 2003 software, and a star topology. Outlook is among the programs that are most widely used by the executive branch, Publisher and Adobe Illustrator top the list among the graphic design department. O perations use a simple data storage program that breaks down cost and projects business forecasts. Tri-Corp believes their company will function more efficiently by granting its employees remote access to their server systems.Whereas it is true remote access does provide many companies with a proven method to retrieve data from remote locations and offers their users a chance to complete necessary tasks on the go, Tri-Corp will be at risk; remote access also offers intruders a way in to Tri-Corps secure data. If these vulnerabilities expose the company to exploitation, the damage may prove to be irreparable. Companies who plan to use a remote access solution need careful planning to protect their data and avoid unwanted attacks by unauthorized users.Therefore, the question lays, â€Å"Should Tri-Corp use Dial-Up or VPN to complete their remote access solution? The first step is user control; it is imperative to control which users can access the network from outside the company. Ne twork access should be granted only for users who need it; the likelihood is that not everyone is likely to need network access from outside the company. Whether Tri-Corp decides to use Dial-Up or VPN they must set up remote access accounts for remote users that are separate from their normal accounts, and make these accounts more restrictive than their normal LAN accounts (Axia, 2006).The company executives may believe this security measure to be impractical; however, this strategy is vital, particularly for users who normally have broad security clearance (Axia, 2006). The advantage of using Dial-Up is the Dial-back feature. Dial-back is a feature whereby you securely enter the phone number of the system from which users are calling (Axia, 2006). Users requesting remote access from a fixed location such as a private residence are ideally suited for a Dial-Up remote access connection with the dial-back feature.Once these users connect, they dial the system, request access, and then the remote access system terminates the connection and dials the preprogrammed phone number to make the real connection (Axia, 2006). The home based computer then answers the call and proceeds to a normal connection. This service offers greater security for home based users because any other user who may attempt to gain access will not be allowed access with this feature enabled. One more key advantage of a dial-up remote access server (RAS); RAS solutions require employees to onnect to the corporate network via a direct telephone call to modem banks installed at the network edge (â€Å"Remote Access Vpn Solutions†,  2000). Three key differences separate dial-up and VPN architectures; the first being that direct dial-up does not utilize the internet to avoid incurring long distance phone charges. Next, the corporation setting up the dial-up connection is responsible for providing modem banks (modem banks are similar to network hubs or switches). Finally, encryption technol ogies are not required because the network traffic passes through non-shared links.Undoubtedly, granting remote access may increase productivity and effectiveness by giving employees direct access to information from anywhere in the world. One primary example is email access; this factor alone makes a big difference for employees that are constantly on the go and rely on email to communicate from remote locations. The business benefits of using a VPN delivers several advantages versus RAS solutions. VPNs offer two distinct cost advantages; first, Internet connections, which are typically local calls, are much less expensive than toll free or long distance dial-up connections.This consideration typically is what convinces most organizations to apply a VPN rather than an RAS solution. Secondly, the equipment cost of purchasing and maintaining a VPN is much more cost effective than standard RAS equipment. Installation and use of VPN’s may yield a cost savings of up to 70 percent over a standard RAS system. Comparatively, most companies discover that remote access VPNs pay for themselves in cost savings in a relatively short period. By way o f contrast, RAS systems only incur greater cost throughout the course of time, especially if upgrades or adding more users is necessary.The amount of access available is dependent on the scaling system and how the VPN distributes the client’s software. Scaling a remote access may also necessitate increased bandwidth of the company’s Internet connection. As soon as the VPN gateway is operational, the company may change the scaling system to support anywhere from a few hundred to tens of thousands of users. The option of scaling for RAS solutions is not as trouble-free and requires the use of additional hardware and adding phone lines.The widespread use of broadband Internet service now offers VPN clients an inexpensive solution to connect corporate networks by utilizing the World Wide Web to connect from ou tside the company walls without losing speed and compromising security. This is a very attractive option for mobile users in particular. Dial-up solutions do not always provide the same security and ease of use as this option. In some cases dial-up solutions may very well remain the best solution; many company’s still employ this solution as part of their remote access services for their fixed locations.With proper maintenance, this solution will still serve the needs of a smaller client base. However, if the client base grows rapidly and significantly, they may soon overload the RAS system and discover they need to move on to a different solution. The recommendation for Tri-Corp is to utilize a VPN solution. However, the executive branch will utilize the dial-up service from their fixed locations, such as their place of residence. This will offer greater security by using the dial-back feature to ensure the user is not an unauthorized intruder.This will also remain cost effe ctive as the executive staff numbers only eight individuals. Graphic design, operations, and the rest of the support staff will gain access through the VPN software in Microsoft’s Server 2003 package. However, each department will only have access to the resources that are consistent with their job requirements. Operations will have access to the database and Outlook; the graphic design department will have access to their saved projects files and Outlook. The support staff will only have access to the company human resources sites and limited access to non-confidential company information.The key elements of a successful remote access implementation will include security, performance, high availability, and client management. A meeting with the Tri-Corp company will outline and clearly define their specific requirements in each key area to discover the solution that will serve the company’s needs. Utilizing both dial-up and VPN solutions will offer this company the be st of both worlds; security and performance as well as greater productivity and performance without the need for incurring greater cost. Network Business ApplicationsThe recommended applications for Tri-Corp will include Microsoft’s Office Professional suite and the Microsoft Server 2003 software for the local servers. Outlook will replace the exchange server provided by Microsoft. This will provide Tri-Corp with more flexibility and aid in the ease of adding new email user accounts. POP3 and SMPT will require proper configuration to enable this service. In addition to the Enterprise system upgrades, Tri-Corp needs to design and implement a disaster recovery plan and review system security policies.While some disasters are unavoidable and vary in type and magnitude, system security attacks are avoidable when companies enforce their information policies and protect their resources. Tri-Corps offices may contain vulnerabilities because they offer remote access to company data t o many employees in both locations. Network Security We will first address the issue of Enterprise Security and best practices. Microsoft has developed a four-part checklist, which focuses on the following key points: Assessing the environment, protecting the network, protecting servers and clients, and finally, monitoring the environment (Microsoft 2011).Using this guide will help increase Tri-Corps security and reduce the risk of outside attacks. Assessing the environment requires learning all of the components within the infrastructure. Tri-Corp needs to identify all assets and security issues while continually monitoring the quality of the security program (Microsoft 2011). Their first step will be to partner upper management with the IT staff so they may both focus on establishing an ongoing process to classify and examine all security risks. Failure to establish this vital communication will absolutely place the company at risk with the largest security problems.Next, protecti ng the network; Tri-Corps server system will utilize both Secure Socket Layer (SSL) encryption, and a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to aid in maintaining network security. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption is one of the leading technologies used today to secure web sites, intranets, extranets, and other server-based applications (IT Observer, 2009). Using SSL along with special server digital certificates will provide the security handshake and the data encryption to prevent eavesdropping and secure the integrity of data transmissions (IT Observer, 2009).Although SSL and PKI will help provide network security, additional security measures are necessary to protect the servers and clients. Tri-Corps server will utilize a software firewall such as Zone-Alarm, and must maintain up to date anti-virus and Trojan protection software such as Kasperksy, Norton, or McAfee. Next, the IT department must ensure every security patch for all operating systems and applications are applied as soon as they become available. The final focus point in network security, monitoring the environment, entails the weakest link in all network security, people.Monitoring the environment is more than watching and reacting; Tri-Corp must establish a proactive strategy to audit the network and discover poor practices and configurations. Password rules are a primary example; passwords must contain both upper and lowercase characters and one symbol. Only secure messaging through company provided and monitored email accounts will be allowed, no instant messaging or chat rooms; all emails must pass a virus scan before the recipient will be granted access to view the message.With a detailed information policy in place, proper training, consistent, proactive monitoring, Tri-Corp will protect its data and avoid the mess and disruption of security leaks. Once this policy is in place, Tri-Corp will need to move on to its disaster recovery plan. Tri-Corps needs to have a disaster recovery plan i n place, to return to normal after disaster has struck. Defining disaster means an abrupt disruption of all or part of its business operations, which may directly result in revenue loss (Cisco, 2008).To reduce disaster losses, it is imperative to have a first-rate disaster recovery plan for every business subsystem and operation within Tri-Corps walls. Backup and Disaster Recovery Every time a business encounters a disaster, the company always points to one or more causes and effects. The causes may be anticipated, or a result of human, or mechanical origin, and can range from events as miniscule as a minor hardware or software components malfunctioning to commonly recognized events such as earthquakes, fire, and flood (Cisco, 2009).These disasters may cause small interruptions or may lead to total business shutdown for days or months. Occasionally, these disasters have proven to be fatal to unprepared businesses. Forming a disaster recovery plan begins by recognizing the root cause and effect, followed by a detailed analysis of probability and severity, and ranking them in terms of their business priority. The outcome is an official evaluation of threat and a disaster recovery plan that takes into account all available recovery means.In simpler terms, Tri-Corps IT staff needs to determine what types of disasters are most likely to occur and rank them in order of probability. Afterwards, Tri-Corp must create an action plan that encompasses detailed steps to return business to a state of normalcy in the event of the given disaster. Finally, Tri-Corp must form a Disaster Recovery Committee to assume responsibility for rehearsing, carrying out, and improving the disaster recovery plan on a continual basis. Tri-Corps disaster recovery plan must include a data backup plan in the event the company’s database is compromised. The recommendation is to use IBM’s Tivoli software.IBM’s backup and recovery service provides companies with a backup and d isaster recovery solution that includes cloud backup, remote office, unified recovery, and virtual server protection. Their Tivoli Storage Manager received the 2011 CRN Channel Champions Award because of the quality, reliability, support, and scalability of their solution. Many other companies offer backup and disaster recovery solutions, however, based on my research IBM offers the most complete and reliable solution. IBM’s backup and recovery service provides companies with a proven solution for managing their storage needs with a central backup solution.This service uses smart data movement and smart data store technology; together, these technologies complete backups and restores quickly and efficiently while still providing the client with the flexibility to change and adapt. Additionally, the IBM Tivoli suite of storage products supports more than a dozen OS platforms, along with several network connectors, and more than 500 storage devices. (Art W Meyer,  2011,  pa ra. 2,4) Using these two key components will ensure Tri-Corp will complete the necessary preparation to survive disaster and avoid external attacks.Additionally, this plan will ensure that the resources required to keep the business going are available to key personnel. The questions regarding what to do, how to do it, and the ever- present need for communication to critical data is a key component in maintaining Tri-Corps success. However, no amount of planning provides the desired effect without a thorough understanding of the organization and its inner workings. Tri-Corp must incorporate its processes, people, and systems with precise, exacting detail to aid in a seamless transition.Following the preceding recommendations will help assure Tri-Corp does not fail because of ignorance. This recommendation will protect Tri-Corps valuable data assets and help the company to keep moving forward.References . Axia College. (2005). Networking, a Beginners Guide, Fourth Edition. Retrieved from Axia College, IT/230 website Axia College. (2005). Networking, a Beginners Guide, Fourth Edition. Retrieved from Axia College, IT/230 website Agility Recovery Solutions. (2009). Retrieved from http://blog. agilityrecovery. com/disaster-recovery?   k=disaster%20recovery%20solutions&_kt=b63adcc1-e0cf-4e52-b042-bbffd8dddc96 Art W Meyer. (2011). Backup and Disaster Recovery. Retrieved from Art W Meyer, IT/230 website Backup and Recovery. (ND). Retrieved from http://www-01. ibm. com/software/tivoli/solutions/backup/ Backup & Recovery. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. sonicwall. com/us/products/Backup_Recovery. html Boda, K. (2009). Forums > Cisco: Average Connection Consumes 11. 4 GB Per Month. Retrieved from http://www. dslreports. com/shownews/Cisco-Average-Connection-Consumes-114-GB-Per-Month-105086 Cisco. (2008). Disaster Recovery: Best Practices. Retrieved

Concepts and principles of emergency management Essay

Concepts and principles of emergency management - Essay Example In Australia, latest statistics on car accidents seem to indicate that road accidents are increasing in frequency; road deaths associated to such car accidents are also increasing. In 2005, Australia already ranked 7th out of 15 developed nations for road deaths per 100 million vehicle kilometres travelled (Fallah, 2007). Emergencies -- are â€Å"incidents that threaten public safety, health and welfare (Department of Environmental Management, n.d, p. 1). Emergencies may also vary in size, location, causes, and effects; but regardless of differences in such elements, they all register with various environmental effects. They are also defined by the Emergency Management Institute (n.d) as unexpected incidents or events which endanger lives or property, consequently requiring urgent and routine responses through community resources and procedures. Examples include: road-blocking landslides, long power outages, forest fires, outbreaks of diseases, and heat waves (Central Coast Center Independent Living, n.d). There were two slides in Australia from 1939 to 2007; 28 were killed and about 101 individuals were affected (CRED, 2007). There were 28 wild fires from 1939 to 2007 and this caused the death of about 300 individuals and damages up to 1.2 million US dollars (CRED, 2007). There was one epidemic fro m 1939 to 2007. No deaths and no damages were reported but 6 people were affected (CRED, 2007). Disasters are defined by Emergency Management Australia (2004, p. ix) as â€Å"a condition or situation of significant destruction, disruption and/or distress to a community†. The United Nations (1992) define a disaster as â€Å"a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material, or environmental losses which exceed the ability of affected society to cope using its own resources† (UN Glossary, 1992).

Risk management and insurance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Risk management and insurance - Assignment Example (Yahoo Finance 2013) Professional liability insurance is a specialized form of liability insurance which indemnifies a professional who causes a loss to his or her client due to the negligent performance of their duties or which is not up to the professional standards stipulated by the professional association regulating the particular professional. For example, if a real estate agent arranged the sale of a property to a buyer on the basis that it would provide a specified level of rental income and it failed to do so, the real estate agent could be held liable for the shortfall on the basis of negligent misrepresentation. The article goes on to state that Great American Insurance Group’s Professional Liability Division launched earlier this year with offices in New York and Pennsylvania. Great American Stock Performance The following material was obtained from http://ir.greatamerican.com/stockquote.htm. It was obtained at 2:06 pm. ET Nov. 22, 2013. Last Price Change Open Day High 52 Week High $0.26 $0.00(Down 7.63%) $0.26 $0.26 $0.50 Volume Previous Close Day Low 52 Week Low 11,500 $0.26 $0.26 $0.15 Year End Stock Prices Stock Price ($) $3.70 $0.49 $0.12 $0.31 Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 The website goes on to stipulate that the above information is intended for informational and not trading purposes and is provided by a third party and not Great American. Description of Company Great American Insurance Group is engaged primarily in property and casualty insurance focusing on specialized commercial products for businesses and in the sale of traditional annuities.(Great American Insurance Group) The Property and Casualty Group (P and C) is among the oldest in the US, dating from the founding of the Great American Insurance Company in 1872. The website advises it has about 30 specialty lines of insurance to meet the needs especially of a variety of small and mid sized businesses. (Presumably this is because larger companies tend to have sufficient resources to self insure for many of the risks.) The site also claims that the company builds relationships with the markets and the communities it serves so that they can concentrate on their core business rather than on the risks they may face. While this is likely true, it must be remembered that companies too small to have their own risk manager tend to rely on their insurance broker for sound impartial advice concerning what insurance coverage they really need and what risks can be dealt with more economically by other means. The website also quotes high financial strength ratings by such agencies as Standard & Poors and Moodys. There are also various kinds of reinsurance coverage available within the Great American Group. There are 4 accounting ratios important to the financial health of a company. Unfortunately I was unable to obtain precise figures for Great American, only the reference to their overall â€Å"A† rating by agencies indicating that this company is in good standin g financially. However I will explain the calculation and the importance of each of the ratios. The first one is the loss ratio which is losses (claims paid) plus adjustment expenses

Accounting for Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Accounting for Decision Making - Essay Example These two important measures of profitability show that the company has made remarkable progress over the nest quarter signifying increased efficiency and effectiveness. However, this is not the case. The statements prepared under the contribution margin rules show that the contribution margin has not improved between the two quarters. The statement prepared implied the company has contribution margin of 52% in the both the quarters, as seen in figure 5, implying that there has no increase in efficiency of controlling variable costs. Therefore, the profit net profit margin under the contribution margin statement remains 14% in both quarters. The increase in the net income under the absorption id due to the allocation of the fixed costs over a greater number of units produced. Mr. Rozen has increased the production levels from 25,000 units to 50,000 units. This has reduced the allocation of fixed costs from $24 in first quarter to $12 in second quarter. Thus the cost of goods sold has decreased by $300,000 which has increased the gross margins and the net margin. Can you make any suggestions for reporting in the future? Absorption approach is construc tive for external reporting. It does not provide the competitors with too much information which they can use to their advantage such as the product cost, the material costs, the labor costs and others. Similarly, this approach considers the costs to the finished inventory as an asset on a balance sheet until it is sold. Therefore, this helps the company to improve its metrics for external stakeholders. Likewise, the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP, requires the publicly held companies to prepare their statements under the absorption approach. (Taylor, 2010) However, for internal users and decision-making, contribution margin approach to income statement is quite useful. Variable costing allows the internal users to understand the product cost of unit which will allow them to decrease variances between actual and budgeted amounts. This helps in controlling costs and overall profitability of the company. With this approach, the managers can make better decisions in a fluctuation sales environment and helps them to accurate the cost of productions for future periods. Likewise, this approach helps to observe an impact of each and every product on the overall profitability of the company. Some products are better absorbers of fixed costs and increase the earnings of the company. Therefore, an adequate decision can be made regarding the discontinuation of product which will least affect the earnings. (Scott, 2012) Do you think Mr. Rosen should be seriously considered for the CEO position? Why or why not? Mr. Rozen has based his decision to increase the production on inadequate information. He has not pondered hard over the impact of his decision on the company’s operations and profitability. With the increase in production, Mr. Rozen only allowed for a better allocation of the fixed costs over a larger quantity of units. This only allowed for the costs to be temporarily seen as assts on the balance sheet in the form of inventory. However, M r. Rozen must understand that the huge amount of inventory that has been created will need to managed and properly maintained over the nest quarter for the sales in future. This will increase inventory handling costs and storage costs that will have

Answer 6 question about deaf culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer 6 question about deaf culture - Essay Example Moreover, they recognize the deaf as a minority from a linguistic and a cultural perspective. In addition, they also consider sign language as the first and natural language for application for Deaf people. The pre-lingual deaf is in reference to an individual born Deaf or someone who lost the sense of hearing before they began learning to speak. On the other hand, the post-lingual deaf is in reference to an individual who becomes deaf after acquiring a spoken language. In the book† Train Go Sorry,† the author describes two observations regarding the implications of being deaf before or after acquiring a spoken language. The first observation indicates that there are some educators and parents who believe that children who are prelingualy deaf will never be able to develop speech and language skills in comparison to the children who are postlingually Deaf. This eventually leads to social isolation and minimizes their chance of getting a decent job. For example, when the doctor recommended 17 year old James for a cochlear implant, the consequent evaluation and recommendation was not good for several reasons. The first reason being that James’s deafness was caused by b acterial meningitis when he was at five years of age. Furthermore, after one and half of years of suffering from the illness, the inner ear developed a bony growth which inhibited the insertion of electrodes. The second reason being that James had a significant amount of residual hearing that enable him to benefit from the use of hearing aids. In the regard, the implication drawn was James disqualification as a deserving candidate for cochlear implant surgery. In retrospect, the cochlear implant is not necessarily an appropriate option for everyone. The second observation is that some educators, doctors, and parents believe that cochlear implant will allow the

Comparison and Differences between Date Positivism and Post-Positivism Assignment

Comparison and Differences between Date Positivism and Post-Positivism Concepts - Assignment Example Post-positivism is the exact rejection of the tenets that supported positivism. Having been coined after the original idea, post-positivism recognizes that the observable world has a connection between what scientists think and work. This implies that there is no difference between the scientific reasoning and the common sense reasoning. To verify observable phenomena in science, procedures are followed. This, therefore, means that in the scientific verifications, something beyond the measurable and observable, in this case, knowledge is achieved (Giddens & Sutton, 2010). To the sociology research today, the two concepts are important in that they guide the search for scientific answers. Whereas the positivist view of research holds that science should measure the observable in the search for truth, the post-positivist view of the same is that all measurements have an error and is fallible. This means that deeper inquiry is required to ensure that science holds steadfast the goal of getting it right about what is measured in research. The order perspective is based on the belief that the society is held close by shared principles and concepts. These concepts are responsible for the social consensus that is observed in any society. The cohesion and interdependence of the people in the society are a secured by the shared norms and beliefs (organic and mechanical solidarity). Conflicts according to this perspective arise from new perspectives that come to intrude the normal perceptions of beliefs and concepts. In the light of this perspective, structural approach to social work aims at maintaining the social prestige with little if any interference with the social structures and the related stability (Turner, 2012). The conflict perspective, on the other hand, is based on the concept of power and inequality in the society. As a result, the cohesion that exists in a society is unhealthy and not supposed to be maintained.

How does the woman consumer get affected by the fashion inner store Essay

How does the woman consumer get affected by the fashion inner store environment - Essay Example Women take pride in their ability to shop prudently and well. They are still the primary buyer in the American market place.(41) Unlike their male counterparts, women make purchasing decisions in a more complex, roundabout way. The fashion store’s stand is to help women consumers when they need help, and lay low when they don’t; to let their buying minds complete the sale by giving them space and information to match the beautiful design of the products in the store.(25) Given the above background, let us examine the various factors that affect women consumers in the fashion store’s inner environment. Atmospherics The fashion store’s layout is normally innovative. Victor Gruen is accredited with conceiving an ideal environment for shopping. (Rifkin, 1996, pg 263).(1) Rather than employing straight lines, as would seem the obvious choice, subtle gradients of angling veer women consumers down the pathways, especially in the fast selling items areas. Along with climate control, a lack of clocks, and centrally controlled lighting, the consumer loses all sense of direction, time of day and duration of her stay.

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

No topic - Essay Example The third image describes international anarchy and world politics and highlights the results of the first and second images (Slantchev 1). Where many sovereign nations protect their own interests, pursue their grievances and ambitions with no law dictating their mode of association, the world war 11 was inevitable. The third image stipulates the lack of a central authority or arbitrators in international relations. Many countries go the extent of using power, force, or violence to achieve their ends. Hence, all nations arm themselves because no authority is responsible to avert war. Countries like USSR, and USA only sought to gain and defend their own (Slantchev 1). Hence, with nobody preventing them from using force, the World War II resulted. Indeed, the powerful nations regard the international system of governance as anarchist and thus have no respect for it. This lack of respect led to overstepping of mandates and disrespects of other nations like Japan and Austria hence the war. The third image equally analyzes the balance of power or transitions of power as a source of conflict. Some countries selfishly make balance of power the end of their national policies (Slantchev 1). This objective only results to unresolved conflicts that culminate to war. Additionally, the continued support of ascending nations by their allies as noted in the third image accelerates conflicts. Crave and transition of power has no compromise for peace and hence use of force until the realization of power. These factors as analyzed in the third image of the structural realism theory were the primary causes of the World War II. In conclusion, I find that the third image was fundamental in explaining the structural realism theory and the causes of conflict and World War II. Farugue, Saleha. â€Å"The Three Images: Causes of War in International Relations† Web 20, March 2012.

Critical Paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Paper - Movie Review Example Through this, the complex conflict and relationship between modernity, tradition and human emotions between the western and eastern, aspects of the globe will be highlighted. The 1994 released movie â€Å"To live† directed by Gong Li and Zhang Yimou is a film that is basically about an experience of a family during a particularly challenging and hard time, it also helps bring out the journey of the Chinese people towards their revolutionary stage( Zhang, Wr and Lu Wei 2). The more pronounced theme is that of change and divergent ways of coping with it. This aspect is similar with the other two films like in Wedding Banquet the main character figured out a strategic way of sorting his problem and in the Eat Drink Man Woman Chef Chu, found alternatives to his problems through food as elaborately brought out. The change theme was introduced both on societal and individual level. The difference in the change is on the fact that on the individual level it was influenced by the indi vidual own doing namely Xu Fugui, which if compared by other two was not due to their own actions. The film also shows the changes on a societal level that were happening on the Chinese society and various ideologies and political systems that were initially imposed on the Chinese people. This is also seen in the film Eat Drink Man Woman where there had to be a specific order to marriage and in Wedding Banquet the society expects some things to be common like in choice of marriage partners. With the societal changes consequently happening, all the characters in the three films experience effects that correspond to their lives. In this context, the societal changes that are happening and the individuals involved no longer have, any control over the issues for it was already the external factors that influence and operate and affect their individuals lives (Chan 1). The 1993 film the Wedding Banquet, which is about a Taiwanese immigrant man that is gay and marries a mainland Chinese w oman to get her a green card and to placate his parents. Although with his parents arrival in the United States his plan backfires since they decided to help with the wedding banquets planning (Wu, and Lixing 1344). The story combines so many issues of today and it is a great example of modern day life namely; cross-cultural life, sexuality, modernity/tradition, younger generations vs. old school parents, gay couples and multi-racial couples, love and family values, immigrants and gay Asian Americans. This themes discussed above correspond well with the other two films, since they all discuss societal current issues since, they directly bringing out the very different and distinct cultures in the film concurrently namely; the 90’s representation of the gay couples and Asian American. The film also uses the theme of change to bring out and comment on groupings and social stereotypes without blatantly doing so (Bishop, John, Haiyong and Lester 4). There is a similarity in the t heme of change in the other two films since they all discuss societal change. They embrace of sexuality by discussing gay relationship, revelation and change from the traditional Chinese cultures and a more entailed analysis of family issues and solutions derived as the families find adequate solutions on how they break from traditional and societal norms. The films help bring out the change theme by adequately capturing

George Orwell 1984 Essay Example for Free

George Orwell 1984 Essay In this essay I intend to investigate experiences and historical events in Orwell’s lifetime. These events may have significantly influenced Orwell’s style, structure and theme, contributing to the political and artistic nature of his novel. I also intend to compare the contradictory interpretations of Orwell’s ‘message’. Did he intend 1984 as a warning, a prediction, or a historical novel? Despite its critics 1984 has made a significant impression on the modern world. Its infiltration into reality television may not be a tribute Orwell would have appreciated but many of his terms and phrases have been used to highlight threats to social and personal freedom. I will use this as a basis to ascertain whether there are other aspects of Orwell’s novel that have become reality in the modern world. 1984 by George Orwell was written in1947/48. This era has been referred to as ‘The age of anxiety, the age of the lost generation’. (www. historyguide. org/europe/lecture10) It was a nightmare world where individuality was lost. The totalitarian states of the time, exercised complete control over the lives of their human subjects. The Great War (World War One) facilitated totalitarian regimes, simply because war has only one objective: victory. â€Å"Individuality is sacrificed for collectivism and freedom is restricted as governments reject liberal values†. (www. historyguide. org/europe/lecture10) This mood of anxiety and conformity, is clearly illustrated in 1984; this is portrayed in the early pages of the novel and is maintained throughout. Orwell cleverly uses his descriptive talent, to set the scene for his reader. At the very beginning of his novel ‘the vile wind, the swirl of gritty dust’ (Page 4) projects a negative image of life in 1984. The maintenance of these visual images is preserved and comparisons, between post-war Britain and 1984, are recognisable. Examples of these are the shortages, rationing and the bombsites of the 1940’s. Orwell successfully engages the readers’ senses to conjure up images within the mind of the reader. ‘The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats’. (Page 4) I found phrases like this one actually made me feel the squalor and deprivation he was describing. The use of visual cues is also a theme, which starts on the first page of Orwell’s novel. He continually presents images that could be describing London during the 1940’s, but are in fact describing life in 1984. ‘A coloured poster too large for indoor display has been tacked to the wall ’(Page 4) Orwell has managed to reaffirm the squalid surroundings by the use of the word ‘tacked’ before he has even described the poster. ‘It depicted simply an enormous face, more than a metre wide: the face of a man of about forty-five with heavy black moustache and ruggedly hand-some features’. Many have suggested that Orwell based his character â€Å"Big Brother† the leader of the party on Stalin and Hitler because they all shared similar physical characteristics and had the ability to â€Å"manipulate the minds of the masses†. (The Worlds Most Evil Men). However, Churchill was also â€Å"recognised for his skill in altering peoples minds†(The History Of World War II) which could be interpreted that, the people of the 1940’s were being manipulated, regardless of their countries political status. His creative talent excelled itself with the name of his totalitarian leader. Big Brother conveys an image of trust and loyalty with the idea that he is a member of your family who is a figure affording protection and security. This is a complete contradiction to the lives of the Russian citizens under Stalin or the German people during Hitler’s rein and indeed the population of nineteen eighty four had little opportunity to feel safe. The naming of other characters within his novel, I suspect, had a deeper meaning. For example Emmanuel Goldstein’s face was described as It resembled the face of a sheep and the voice, too, had a sheep like quality. The significance of this description becomes more meaningful if you look at a poster (see appendix 1) used during World War II. Henri Guigon represented Churchill as a British bulldog in an American poster. To the whole world Britain’s new prime minister epitomised the stubborn and proud nature of the British. Orwell uses animals for descriptive comparison frequently in his writing but the use of a sheep, in this instance, is a curious choice. The character Goldstein is the leader of the opposition and sheep like qualities conjure up images of low intelligence and all following the crowd. This is a form of sarcasm that implies ridicule, disapproval, or contempt Sarcasm often includes an element of irony. Winston’s description of the opposition is not dissimilar to party members. Orwell could have been expressing his concerns with how Churchill’s War Cabinet, had on occasions, behaved no differently from the fascist regimes of the era. News was censored, wages controlled and travel restricted under the guise of wartime necessity. (Guardian 2002). However Goldstein is a Jewish name and World War II had just ended when this book was being written. Goldstein is used as a scapegoat in 1984, which has, parallels with the Nazis attempt to blame their problems on the Jews. In my opinion the name of Orwell’s main character Winston Smith also had a deeper, if somewhat personal meaning. Orwell was a dying man, when he wrote this novel, and he was probably aware it would be his final legacy to the world. He had a reluctant admiration for Churchill. Although he did not always agree with his policies he admired him not only for his courage but also a certain â€Å"largeness and geniality†. The History Of World War II) This admiration was expressed in the form of poetry that he rarely wrote. (See appendix 2). It is a fitting acknowledgement of this respect, that Winston became the name of his primary character. Smith is simply a very common English name, which gives the impression that Winston Smith is a very ordinary citizen not dissimilar to oneself. The caption under the Big Brother posters read â€Å" Big Brother is watching you† (Page 4) Orwell’s use of capital letters for this caption, and indeed others later in the book, gives increased impact to the reader of the significance of these words. It gives a sense of the controlling nature of the society in which the citizens of 1984 lived; constantly being watched by the eyes of Big Brother. It was similar to the blackouts enforced during World War II where wardens’ patrolled neighbourhood, and failure to conform, resulted in humiliating offenders in front of their neighbours. (The History Of World War II) The use of posters and slogans in Orwell’s novel may well have been inspired by the vast array of similar images used during World War II. England and Germany, among others, used large images, in a poster format, to send messages to their people. These were used to encourage conformity, solidarity and patriotism within each nation. At times they were also used to inflate morale at home and abroad, while at the same time humiliating and ridiculing their opponents. (See appendix 3) A good example of this, used in World War II, is the appearance of ‘V’ on walls in German- occupied Belgium. The Flemish speaking Belgians would interpret this as ‘vrijheid’, which means freedom, and the French speaking Belgians would understand this to mean ‘victoire’ (victory). This is a cruel psychological attack on an already defeated nation. Winston describes party slogans, in 1984, on the walls of buildings, which also have contradictory meanings. â€Å"War is peace, Freedom is Slavery and Ignorance is Strength† (Page 6) Orwell uses this type of psychological approach in different ways throughout his novel. Orwell’s wife, Eileen O’Shaughnessy (1905-1945) had a degree in psychology from Oxford University. Obtained in the 1920’s this would have been a significant achievement for a woman at that time and her influence on Orwell’s writing has been recognised. Eileen wrote a poem called â€Å"End Of The Century, 1984†(1934). There are similarities between the futuristic vision of Eileen’s poem and Orwell’s 1984, including mind control and the destruction of personal freedom. (www. arlindo-correia) The aggression, described by Winston, during the two-minute hate, and the hangings could have been influenced by Eileen’s psychological knowledge. There are various psychological theories as to why people display aggression. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed aggressive impulses are a reaction to frustrations of daily lives. This theory could easily be applied to the citizens in 1984. Freud’s theories were very influential during the 1940’s/50’s and his written articles had an almost political language, when referring to human behaviour, which may have appealed to Orwell’s political and artistic nature. Behavioural psychologists believe behaviour is learnt through reinforcement; their theory is that humans respond to social reinforcement such as social approval. In the 1940’s solidarity and conformity in Britain was achieved via camaraderie â€Å"every one doing their bit†. (Yesterdays Britain) In 1984 it was built on fear. In the following quote Winston describes what happens to citizens who don’t conform to the party’s political orthodoxy. In the vast majority of cases there was no trial, no report of the arrest. People simply disappeared, always during the night. Your name was removed from the registers, everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one-time existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated: vaporized. (Page 22) This type of enforcement was common after the death of Lenin in 1924. His successor Josef Stalin turned a popular revolution based on freedom and equality, into a totalitarian dictatorship maintained solely by terror. He said â€Å"The death of a man is a tragedy; the death of a thousand is a statistic† (World Most Evil Men). A census in 1937 estimated that Russia’s population was twenty million short of what it should have been, although this information was withheld and emigration and famine were factors Stalin’s purges accounted for millions of deaths during his rule. Winston describes the use of purges during the formation of the party. The intense anger and hatred that Winston describes are characteristic of mob behaviour and learning. The characters of Orwell’s novel show almost animal like hatred for the opposition and hero worship for Big Brother. This behaviour appears unrealistic, but if you look at Britain during World War II there are some striking similarities. The people of Britain were suffering a savage war with horrors, deprivation, shortages and bombings. Death and loss were a constant threat, yet ordinary British people obeyed government instructions â€Å"keep calm and carry on†. The conformity of the people of 1984 is portrayed in different ways firstly; party uniforms remove any possibility of individuality. The idea that men and women wore the same uniform also removed gender as a source of identity. ‘ I’m going to get hold of a real women’s frock from somewhere and wear it instead of these bloody trousers’. Julia goes on to say ‘In this room I’m going to be a woman, not a party comrade’. (Page 164) During the war women’s role changed and they were required to do the work previously done by men. The uniforms they wore, although practical, had a distinctly masculine appearance. Clothing was rationed until March 1949 and women had learnt to live independently. The Bible (Deuteronomy 22. 5) clearly states, â€Å"The women shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man† highlighting the social unacceptability of women wearing trousers. This did not change until the 1960’s. Gender identity refers to the psychological and biological dimensions of sex. Freud (1925) described this as â€Å"Psychical consequences of anatomical distinction between the sexes†(Freud 1925) In the modern world, there is legislation that prohibits discrimination, because of a person’s gender identity, which is part of the human rights laws. (www. ransgenderlaw. org) Although Orwell gives his characters names, the society he is describing mainly refer to each other as comrade. This was also a common term used in Nazi Germany, during World War II. Removing the use of personal names is another means of removing an individual’s identity and individuality. The party is all-powerful, friendships and family structure is suppressed to limit the possibility of divided loyalties. The party demands absolute loyalty in thought and deed. Children are brainwashed via organization such as the Junior Spies and Youth Groups these are similar to Adolph Hitler’s Youth League, during World War II. Education was designed to suppress independent thought and sources of information were restricted and controlled. In the 1940’s most educational establishments, educated children via the ‘didactic model’ sometimes called teacher- centred teaching. This method is where knowledge is passed from teacher to pupil. The teacher speaks and the pupil’s listen. In the modern world students are educated via the ‘critical method’ this is sometimes called ‘student-centred learning’. This is a process where students are taught to explore, question and formulate truth and opinions for themselves. The use of investigating, discussing and debating are used to facilitate the development of independent thought. (Pollard1998) One of the most chilling depictions of the repressive and controlling nature of life in 1984, in my opinion, is the inclusion of the telescreen.. â€Å"The telescreen receives and transmitted simultaneously, you had to live did live, from habit that became instinctive in the assumption that every sound you made was over heard, and except in darkness, every movement scrutinised†. Page 5) The use of the telescreen was an ingenious concept, taking into account the era. Technology was primitive compared to the modern world. However, the military during World War II improved radar and rockets, this enabled the post war development of television (1946) and close circuit television (CCTV) (1949). The Star newspaper (January 14 1949) included an article explaining a â€Å"New system of television being used to aid road safety†. This system carried signa ls direct from a camera to a screen with both visual and audio reception, this was known as CCTV. The summer of 1949 saw the technology and the knowledge but not the resources available to launch satellites (The Star 1949) which we now know can be used to monitor, observe and transmit around the world. In today’s society Britain has earned a reputation as a world leader of surveillance. It is estimated that the average British citizen is caught on camera up to three hundred times per day (The Star 2005). However, observation of British citizens is not a new concept. During World War II mass observation was the government’s way of keeping in touch with the mood of the people. Tom Harrison, the director of mass observation called for observers to monitor war morale. Citizens’ reactions in cinemas were monitored to perceive the mood of the nation (Yesterdays Britain). Orwell used irony extensively through out his novel. For example He was alone: no telescreen, no ear at the keyhole, no nervous impulse to glance over his shoulder or cover the page with his hand. (Page 214) This contradicts appearance with reality and allows the reader to understand Winston’s motives and rebellion. Later the reader is informed that in fact the telescreen is hidden behind a picture, which was offered for sale by Mr Charrington earlier in the novel. This suggests to the reader that an enemy is not always obvious. The friend and foe situation between the Communists and the Nazi’s during the 1940’s is a clear example of a hidden enemy. In the present world, America and Britain are fighting a War on terrorism. It appears ironic that we are fighting a war against an unknown enemy; at home and abroad. Orwell’s character Winston Smith is frequently concerned with the parties’ alteration of facts and history. The quote â€Å"He who controls the past controls the future† is a terrifying notion. The alteration of history, whether personal or social removes individuality and identity it also, to a certain extent, changes reality into anything the ruling party deems it to be. Stalin, after the Russian revolution, had history rewritten to magnify his part in events. Trotsky’s part had been erased from Soviet textbooks. (Time Archive 1940) For information and historical events to be constant and unalterable they need to be remembered. Humans have a complex memory system, which enables information received from the environment to be processed. Short-term memory (STM) is information that is held temporarily and long-term memory (LTM) is a permanent storage system. For information to pass from STM into LTM individuals need to pay attention to the received information. Repetition, relearning and making the information meaningful help to maintain the information permanently. Orwell’s 1984 society appears to be attempting to remove LTM from its citizens. Information is received via telescreens but due to poor LTM development this information can be altered without the individual remembering the original information. This is achievable partly due to the act that new information interferes with previous memories. Orwell expressed his concerns (Politics and the English language) that government officials debating on historic events trivialised the truth and found ways to convince everyone that history never happened or happened but it didn’t mater any way. Young children have a limited memory capacity due to underdevelopment of the pre frontal cortex but also because they are not particularly interested in remembering the past thus make little effort to develop ways of making memories meaningful, which also makes recall more difficult. Orwell use’s this concept in his novel in a variety of ways. Firstly the characters in 1984 are more concerned with survival than the past. The present is more relevant to this aim than events from the past. With the invention of Newspeak, the official language of Oceania it enables the party to restrict speech, thought and consequently memory. Many in today’s society, would suggest that politicians have perfected their own form of â€Å"Newspeak†. The use of text messaging is also a modern day form of newspeak. Orwell was concerned with the use, or misuse of the English language. He felt that words with variable meaning were often used with the intent to deceive and that language was intended for expression not concealing or preventing thought. In the modern world the media is required to present a ‘balanced’ coverage of news and public affaires. However this results in a form of ‘double think’ in which truth is immediately neutered by an opposite truth. The second section of Orwell’s novel deals mainly with the love affair between the characters Winston and Julia. This gives the novel direction and hope. However, the inclusion of â€Å"the book† makes this a difficult section to read. Orwell’s intentions may well have been to explain the futility of war where there are no winners or indeed losers; just simply the maintenance of war. Hitler wrote a book called Mein Kampf (My Struggle) outlining his vision of the future of Germany. It was a ranting, sometimes unreadable vision of the future of Germany (The world’s most evil men). This may have been the inspiration for the inclusion of â€Å"the book† in Orwell’s novel. Orwell uses various figurative language through out his novel, this gives the writing greater power of expression and meets Orwell’s criteria for artistic purpose (Why I Write). For example the melodramatic use of the nursery rhyme â€Å"Oranges and lemons†, say the bells of St Clements’s! (Page 112) Is an epigram, the rhyme symbolizes, in an almost child like way, the past. Orwell maintains the original historical names of the London churches before the formation of the party. Through this symbolic representation it gives Winston hope that, fragments of the past can survive. Other characters gradually piece together the rhyme until Charington finally completes it during the capture of Winston and Julia. These Churches are recognisable in London today and keep the novel relevant after the year 1984. Orwell uses innuendo with the words â€Å"we shall meet in the place where there is no darkness† (Page 118). Winston believes these words are from O’Brien but Orwell manages to keep the origin and the significance of these words unknown until Winston and Julia are captured. This creates and develops a sense of foreboding and suspense, which maintains the controlling and manipulating society, which is being portrayed in 1984. Winston’s dreams of the â€Å"Golden Country† are the direct opposite of his reality in 1984. They represent peace, beauty, unity and uniqueness. These are Freudian theories as they reveal Winston’s subconscious. The capture and subsequent torture of Winston shows a curious, horrific and terrifying journey. The absolute and total destruction of the mind and body. However, the language and tone is calm and detached with surprisingly little malice, anger or hatred. This gives a deeper more powerful description of what Orwell is suggesting the future could be. It also gives the character O’Brien a more complex personality. He is constantly switching between ‘good guy’ and ‘bad guy’. This intrigues the reader, as well as Winston. Is he friend or foe? He has the â€Å"power† to do good or evil, which will he choose? Orwell is using an interesting psychological theory. He is suggesting that not all evil men are bad all the time and thus good people do not always act nicely. The reader is left with a feeling of wanting to like O’Brien but at the same time hating him for his cruelty. This strange relationship is as contradictory and confusing as Churchill and Roosevelt’s involvement with Stalin (1939). Despite the catastrophic purges, and the negative value that Stalin had demonstrated over human life, they still became allies. Churchill said of Stalin, at the Yalta summit, â€Å"I walk through the world with greater courage when I find myself in a relationship of friendship and intimacy with this great man. † Stalin concealed a cruel and calculating nature prepared to commit war crimes at least as evil as those of the enemy. (Worlds Most Evil Men) Winston represents mankind (us)†If you are a man, Winston, you are the last man. †(Page 309) Winston’s torture and re-education is his or our chance to save humanity, freedom, individuality, choice, beliefs and the right to be different. Orwell has used psychological manipulation of the mind to project a horrific interpretation of the destruction of mankind Orwell uses a terrifying concept, by taking Stalin and Hitler’s atrocities to a whole new level: total and absolute conformity in life as well as in death. So long as human beings stay human, death and life are the same thing. (Page 156) Orwell’s novel in my opinion is a plausible projection of the future as he saw it in 1948. Projections of the future, often allows the reader to become detached because the people appear different from oneself. However, Orwell creates characters that are not dissimilar from us (the reader). The inclusion of the proletarians, that cleverly maintain sentimental songs and normal human compassion, also prevents detachment and preserves recognisable modern parallels. The setting of this novel is used to maintain the past, the present and the future. For example, the central administration building of The University of London which was used during World War II as the headquarters for the ministry of information. All censoring systems were coordinated from here. It bears a striking resemblance to the Ministry of Love described in 1984 and amusingly its telegraphic address was â€Å"miniform†. (www. orwelltoday. com) All other significant buildings, described in 1984 can be located in London today. This was probably Orwell’s intention and it keeps the novel viable even after the year 1984. In returning to the original question I feel I have demonstrated that George Orwell used many sources of inspiration, from the world, in his writing of 1984 and it powerfully reflects the times in which it was written. After the publication of Animal Farm (1945) Orwell explained that he intended â€Å"to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole†(Why I Write). This suggests that Orwell was concerned with Britain’s future. Even with overwhelming evidence of the evil nature of the Stalin regime, they still became allies with Britain and America. Malcolm Muggeride said of Orwell â€Å"He loved the past, hated the present and dreaded the future. I strongly believe that Orwell intended 1984, as a warning of what the world could become, not necessarily what it would become, if ‘we’ (the future) did not take action and responsibility. Orwell has left a legacy, a permanent warning. For the present and the future, to prevent the formation of the totalitarian states of the past. His terminology has given modern day man, the language to express themselves and to protect civil liberties and influence human rights. 1984 is a political satire that exaggerates all that was wrong with the world in 1949 to hopefully shock and horrify a nation into action and prevent this type of society becoming a reality. Although the date of the book has passed the message is still clear and in some ways more relevant today, than when it was written. The advances in technology have made the surveillance and monitoring of citizens easier and more commonplace. Freedom, in the true sense of the word still depends on where you live, your age and your gender. However, I feel Orwell’s novel should be recognised for its extraordinary impact and significant contribution to human rights in the modern world. Although Orwell’s warning has been subjected to many interpretations I feel a novelist is supposed to make you think and possibly reflect: you must agree, job well done. Despite its critics 1984 has sold millions of copies and has been translated into 65 languages.

Strategies for Selecting a Topic Essay Example for Free

Strategies for Selecting a Topic Essay Question-Answer What two objects, people, subjects, or concepts are you going to compare and contrast?The subjects I am going to use is Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2 What are the similarities between the two objects, people, subjects, or concepts? List as many similarities that you can think of. One type of bipolar acts out unexpectedly and has similar adhd acts. The other type of bipolar acts out uncontrollable, and has similar, mood disorders and adhd. What are the differences between the two objects, people, subjects, or concepts? List as many differences that you can think of.The differences are one bipolar is uncontrollably and the other bipolar is more timid Are you going to focus on similarities, differences, or both? Explain your rationale. I want to explain the differences and similarities and hope to let people know that there are others out there with the same problems. What do you want your readers to learn and understand after reading your essay? What is the purpose of your essay?The differences between the two, and I want to know that just because kids look normal they may not be. What three parallel points of comparison or contrast will you address in your essay? For example, if you were going to compare and contrast two teachers, your three parallel points might be these: †¢Each teacher’s homework policy †¢Each teacher’s classroom conduct policy †¢Each teacher’s demeanor 1.The differences between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2.What types of other mental disorder usually comes with the two types of bipolar and different ways to try to handle the situations and medications. 3.Some of the ways to know how each child is and how to go about it from the morning through school and at home. Explain why this is an appropriate and workable topic selection for the final assignment.This  is an appropriate workable topic because people need to be aware of different kids of kids and not to judge. The most important is to let people know that they are not alone because there are not many blogs, groups out there for these families.

Wind Stability Engineering in High Rise Buildings

Wind Stability Engineering in High Rise Buildings In building construction, there is a reciprocal relationship between forces within and external to the structure that directly affect stability and longevity. Fundamentally, damped oscillations operate within a system where a resistance (oftentimes passive) is applied to the structure in direct conflict with the natural or imposed oscillation, thereby stopping the movement (Knight, 2007).   Forced oscillations also act upon a structure as harmonic resonance is neared. In such systems, there is a natural oscillating frequency (number of oscillations completed per second) which operates within the structure, and an external force termed the driving frequency which acts upon the system. Large differences between these two forces do not actively define the amplitude of the oscillations; however, when they are numerically equal to each other, harmonic resonance results, highlighting the maximum amplitude of the system (Knight, 2007). Damped systems utilise force to reduce the affect of oscillations on structural integrity, thereby preserving the lifecycle of the building. To design and appropriately calculate the functions of a damped harmonic oscillator, the following components are needed where is equal to a constant and is equal to the structural mass. This formula represents several functions of the structural stability including where in which a critically damped case arises and equilibrium is quickly established; where the system is over-damped and equilibrium is slowly reached; and where the system is under-damped and exhibiting transient behaviour (Elert, 2007). Perhaps the most famous example of harmonic resonance leading to structural deformation, the Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge in the United States has been oft studied by scientists and scholars to determine the forced collapse. The product of a galloping oscillation, this structure was subjected to high wind forces (35mph) which excited the bridge’s transverse vibration mode, resulting in three hours of motion with an amplitude of 1.5 feet (Irvine, 1999). A supplemental increase in wind to 42 miles per hour caused dampening cables to snap, resulting in an unbalanced load condition that increased the amplitude to 28 feet, and ultimately ended in collapse (Irvine, 1999). More modern examples of structures functioning under the support of dampers include Victory Monument on Poklyonnaya Hill in Russia which features three dynamic oscillation dampers, fifteen flexural oscillation dampers, and one torsional oscillation damper (â€Å"High-Rise Constructions,† 2008). Represent ative of a system utilising both active and passive damping forces to reduce structural vibrations, this structure rises 141.8 m and retains a skeletal framework of steel latticework, requiring the enhanced oscillation damping. In high rise building construction, oscillations due to wind forces acting in both linear and non-linear capacities directly contribute to structural instability. Etkin and Hansen (1984) note that within such systems, artificial dampers limit the motions and resulting stresses and through a determination of the amplitude of response consistent with wind related variables, predictive measures can identify the maximum reaction. Similar forces directly contribute to structural destabilisation, undermining integrity through resonance and incumbent force variables. In 1994 a crane in Germany demonstrated the influence of galloping induced oscillations as it was destroyed by fatigue cracks in the tension bars during the bending mode at resting state (Hortmanns and Ruscheweyh, 1997). Resulting from wind based forces in a state of quasi-stationary vibrations, such structural conflicts oftentimes occur in large scale construction applications and cylindrical structures (Hortmanns and Ruschewe yh, 1997). Theoretical investigation of multiple vector damped linear systems has determined that resonant modes are free of coupling due to the damping forces, causing the system to behave as a sum of independent one-dimensional subsystems (Mathieu, 1965). The initial formulaic calculation for such a system is as follows: When coupled with Raleigh’s assumption of proportion between stiffness and damping, this formula enables multiple variable calculations within a linear system that are mathematically independent of system counterparts (Mathieu, 1965). Effective in determining the relationship between frequency and harmonic balance at differing segments as well as varied temporal intervals, this equation is one more step towards comprehensive structural analysis. Considering that high rise structures demonstrate an incidence of wind-generated harmonic flux as well as torsional sinusoidal wave vibrations based on innate building oscillations, calculating amplitude at varied temporal positions offers long term predictions of stability and maximum collapse potential (Katagiri et al., 2001). The preceding sections demonstrate the innate relationship between harmonic resonance and the forces which act both internally and externally to a structure. Ultimately, resistance is derived through damped systems or a forced resonance, thereby counteracting the effects of wind, torsional movement, and ground shifting. More modern investigation into differentials between linear and non-linear systems as exemplified by exploiting Raleigh’s formulae in Mathieu demonstrate that variables within the resonant system oftentimes operate individually, thereby prescribing unique forces without concurrent incidence within counterparts. Long term implications of such predictive mechanisms include dynamic damping integration which acts on a sector basis to minimise torsion. References Elert, G. (2007) The Chaos Hypertextbook. Glenn Ellert. Accessed on 29/11/08 From: http://hypertextbook.com/chaos/41.shtml. Etkin, B; Hansen, J.S. (1984) â€Å"Effect of a Damper on the Wind-Induced Oscillations of a Tall Mast.† Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 17, pp. 11-29. â€Å"High Rise Constructions.† (2008) Melnikov Institute. Accessed on 29/11/08 From: http://www.stako.ru/show_prj_list.php?id=arch_highlang=engdata=arch_highprn=yes. Hortmanns, M; Ruscheweyh, H. (1997) â€Å"Development of a Method for Calculating Galloping Amplitudes Considering Nonlinear Aerodynamic Coefficients Measured with the Forced Oscillation Method.† Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 69, pp. 251-261. Irvine, T. (1999) â€Å"The Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure.† December. Accessed on 29/11/08 From: http://www.vibrationdata.com/Tacoma.htm. Katagiri, J; Ohkuma, T; Marikawa, H. (2001) â€Å"Motion Induced Wind Forces Acting on Rectangular High-Rise Buildings with Side Ratio of 2.† Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Dynamics, Vol. 89, pp. 1421-1432. Knight, R.D. (2007) Physics for Scientists and Engineers. New York: Pearson Education. Mathieu, J.P. (1965) â€Å"On Damped Vibration Theory.† International Journal of Mechanical Science, Vol. 7, pp. 173-182.

Twelfth Night :: essays research papers

Twelfth Night â€Å"Twelfth Night is a comedy of light and shade. Its characters are not unreservedly happy and the events are not unreservedly humorous.† Discuss. As a comedy, Twelfth Night is obviously intending to not only entertain its audience but also point out problems in society. It is imperative to entire merit of the play not to be realistic but to allow for empathy. Therefor to have a comedy of complete lightheartedness there would be no balance and hence no avenue for audience interaction. Without light we would have no darkness and for this reason Shakespeare has had to incorporate tragedy in order for the comedy to have it’s desired effect. The two in juxtaposition accentuate each other. The characters of Twelfth Night are neither bluntly humorous nor artlessly tragic. Twelfth Night like all Shakespearean comedies is largely about social concerns. The social messages in Twelfth Night are largely about, the need for a balance in life, that you should not judge on appearance as they can be deceptive and the importance of self awareness or the humor in lack of. Neither is artlessly or bluntly humorous, as this would detract from the greater issues he in attempting to convey. Humor instead is used in contrast to some pain to antithesis the comedy and accentuate the themes. The plot of Twelfth Night is comic it explores many social issues in it’s comedy yet is also not unrestrained in it’s humor. As a comedy Twelfth Night follows, many conventions as far as structure, the setting is in a far away â€Å"romantic† land, situation, and events somewhat steer the plot however this is certainly not without art or subtleties. Shakespeare has carefully intertwined comedy and pain in both the main and the sub plots to highlight the comedy and explore the social themes. The audience is forced to suspend disbelief that such a coincidence could occur. The audience is transported from their ordinary mundane existence and is transported into a world of chance, non-existent penalties for practical jokes and the unmistakable harmony of events. It is this incongruity compared to everyday life that is humorous. However, this summer, frivolris setting is not completely free from conflict. There is however, some predominately â€Å"lighter† characters that serve as comic relief from the more serious main plot and represent a certain â€Å"type† of people in society. Sir Toby and Sir Andrew would have been marvelously enjoyed by Shakespearean audiences as they are today. Not a scene goes by involving these to where we can laugh and the slow wit of Sir Andrew and the awkward puns of Sir Toby.

Feminist Rhetoric in Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Feminist Rhetoric in Uncle Tom's Cabin      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In considering whether Harriet Beecher Stowe's book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, is an example of, or contains remnants of, feminist rhetoric or not, one must first solve the problem of defining what is meant by the term feminist. This is difficult to do when one considers that Uncle Tom's Cabin was written over one hundred and forty years ago, and that feminism has moved through so many different stages since that time. One must resist applying the standards of twentieth-century feminism to Stowe's time, and instead, try to view Uncle Tom's Cabin as it would have been viewed given the sentiment of the time. In order to do this, one must first define feminism within the historical context of the 1850's, when Uncle Tom's Cabin was published.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps the term feminist itself was not commonly associated with women's rights in the 1850's, but certainly the ideal was. The climate of the time in which Stowe published her anti-slavery novel was fruitful with unrest, not only because of the slavery issue, but also because of women's rights issues. The focus of the women's rights movement, led by women such as Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Elizabeth Stanton, was not only women's attainment of the vote, but also the emergence of women as public citizens, a role that went beyond that of ruler of the domestic, private sector.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women's suffrage was first proposed in the United States in 1848 at the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, just two years before Uncle Tom's Cabin was published. At this convention, a Declaration of Sentiments that paralleled the wording of the Declaration of Independence was drafted, insisting on the adoption of a women's suffrage resolution. The Women's Rights movement of this time also advocated more liberal divorce laws, less restrictive clothing for women, coeducation, and the right of married women to control their property. Though it would be seventy years before women would be granted the right to vote by the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Women's Rights movement was in place and active during the time that Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even so, Uncle Tom's Cabin is seemingly about slavery, not women's rights, and it is not erroneous to assume that Stowe's intention was to highlight the evils of slavery and the decay of human morality, rather than directly discuss women's roles when she penned the novel.

Confession, Exploration and Comfort in Upon the Burning of Our House by Anne Bradstreet :: Upon the Burning of Our House

Confession, Exploration and Comfort in Upon the Burning  of Our House      Ã‚   The theological concept of humankind’s inherent depravity created tension in the lives of seventeenth century New England Puritans.   The Puritans believed that humans were born sinful and remained in this condition throughout life.   This doctrine stressed self-discipline and introspection, through which the Puritan sought to determine whether particular spiritual strivings were genuine marks of true religiosity.   God preordained election to heaven, and some Puritans would be saved through the righteousness of Jesus Christ despite their sins.   There was no certainty in this life what eternal destiny awaited because the knowledge of who was elect was a divine mystery.   The experience of conversion, where the soul, touched by the Holy Spirit, is turned from sinfulness to holiness, was at least some indication of election.   Although full assurance might never be attained, the conviction of having been chosen by God fortified the Puritans to contend with the hardships of creating a community of Christ in the New World.   This fundamental knowledge of personal depravity, the essence of Puritan theology, created an atmosphere of constant introspection in a cyclical battle with worldly sin always ending with the acknowledged depravity.  Ã‚   The awareness of God’s preordained elect few did not inhibit the perseverance all Puritans applied to acknowledge depravity and to try and overcome sinfulness.   This concept of depravity as the cornerstone of Puritan faith became a central theme in Puritan writing. Poet Anne Bradstreet wrote about her life and how her trials ever urged her to continue her self-inspection in an effort to attempt to subdue the carnal desires of this world.   The Puritan dogma of introspection created a framework for literary confession in the poem â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1666.†Ã‚   This framework freed Anne Bradstreet to fully explore her beliefs without direct challenge to authority; thus she both remains within and steps outside of traditional Puritan beliefs, ultimately allowing her to find solace and comfort in the promise of heavenly reward.   In the poem â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House† Anne Bradstreet exemplifies the normal Puritan lifestyle of tension, although tempered with an allusion of hopefulness not usual in Puritan theology.   Opening with an image of sleep, the poem alerts the reader to what would be considered a moral lapse by Bradstreet, for she was not being ever watchful for sin. The notion of millenialism, to go through life as though the second coming of Christ was imminent, meant that a Puritan was always prepared for the judgement day.